Relativity and Cosmology

1909 Submissions

[40] viXra:1909.0637 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-30 12:14:45

The B17 Was the Most Effective Weapon We Had in WW2: 171.7 Gev is the Mass of the Top Quark

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.

Abstract: It is noticed that the mass of the top quark in MHCE8S theory is 171.7 GeV. NATURE Apparently uses the top quark mass to advertise the doubly great contribution of the B17 bomber to the end of WW2
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[39] viXra:1909.0631 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-30 14:55:39

Armenian Theory of Time-Space

Authors: Robert Nazaryan, Hayk Nazaryan
Comments: 144 Pages. In Armenian

(In Armenian) ------------------------------------ "Foundation Armenian Special Theory of Time-Spacein One Physical Dimension by Pictures (Kinematics)" ------------------------------------ Third volume of our research we Dedicated to the 12-th Anniversary of Declaration Armenian Revolution in Science.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[38] viXra:1909.0622 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-07 21:03:07

From the Big Split of the Primal Cosmic “Substance” to a Five-Component Vacuum with Positive and Negative Energy Densities

Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 10 Pages.

This study considers the self-division of a preexisting Substance at high entropy as the seeding and nucleation for the cosmic expansion driven by Friedmann equations. The initial split creates two unsymmetrical constituents that provide the potential energy required for activating the universe expansion and the emergence of three other vacuum components. Hence, this model corresponds to a vacuum containing five ingredients, two with positive and three with negative energy densities, including a negative time-dependent cosmological constant Λ(t). A four-parameter Weibull growth function is used to model the evolution of R(t).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[37] viXra:1909.0621 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-28 11:51:48

Fictitious Forces, Inertial Forces and Mach's Principle (I)

Authors: Wenceslao Segura González
Comments: 19 Pages.

We study the application of the laws of mechanics in inertial and non-inertial reference frames. We verify that in the usual formulation of mechanics, there are no centrifugal forces. We understand the force of inertia as a force that acts on everybody that is accelerated with respect to an inertial reference frame. The so-called fictitious forces are not considered as forces since other bodies do not produce them. We indicate the superiority of the principle of dynamic equilibrium or D’Alembert's law over the usual way of expressing the second law of mechanics. In the second part of this research, Mach's principle develops and it is shown that inertia is produced by the action of the gravitational induction forces of the whole Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[36] viXra:1909.0609 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-03 09:33:34

Radar Guns vs Wave Theory

Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: Revised Figure 3 on page 4 to include radar gun

Radar guns seem to be a simple way to illustrate some of the biggest misunderstandings in science. Radar guns clearly demonstrate that light (and all electromagnetic energy) travels in the form of photons, not as waves. Radar guns also show that Wave Theory is both misleading and totally wrong.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[35] viXra:1909.0581 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-26 08:08:14

Electromagnetic Force and Special Relativity

Authors: Ziaedin Shafiei
Comments: Pages.

Einstein claimed that “If a unit electric point charge is in motion in an electromagnetic field, the force acting upon it is equal to the electric force which is present at the locality of the charge, and which we ascertain by transformation of the field to a system of co-ordinates at rest relatively to the electrical charge.”1 A few thought experiments have been suggested to corroborate this claim.One of these thought experiments is produced by Feynman.Feynman’s case and analysis is also adopted by Purcell and Morin. The example is generally being reproduced and taught in various universities. However, the results do not agree with Einstein’s claim that the two methods produce the same answer for electromagnetic force acting on the charge. This article presents and reviews Feynman’s analysis and calculation of electromagnetic forces in the two inertial reference frames as described by Einstein. It shows that Feynman’s analysis is just a deliberate attempt to produce similar, though eventually not equal, results. Correct analysis also does not support Einstein’s claim.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[34] viXra:1909.0552 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-25 12:07:55

Intention Cosmology: Resolving the Discrepancy Between Direct and Inverse Cosmic Distance Ladder Through a New Cosmological Model

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 32 Pages.

A new cosmological model is presented, which derives from a new physics within a theory of everything. It introduces, beyond radiation and baryonic matter, a unique and new ingredient, which is the substance of the universe, and which can be assimilated to the cold dark matter of the standard cosmology. The new model, although profoundly different from the ΛCDM model, exhibits the same metric and an almost identical distance scale. So it shares the same chronology and the same theory of nucleosynthesis, but solves the problem of the horizon, the fatness of space and the homogeneity of the distribution of matter in a natural way, without having to resort to an additional theory like that of inflation and without dark energy. Eventually it resolves the tension between the direct and the inverse cosmic distance ladder.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[33] viXra:1909.0542 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-24 06:42:43

Negative Energy from Gravity (Neg) Concept, Proof and Sweeping Implications for Cosmology and Theoretical Physics Introduction of New Dual Energy Cosmological Model (Dec) and New Dual Energy Physics

Authors: Ralph B. Hill
Comments: 15 Pages.

NEG demonstrates proof that energy in gravitational action is generated at the expense of a buildup of negative energy. Gravitational potential energy does not represent a form of energy, failing tests under mass-energy equivalence and GR. Negative energy builds up in space, curves spacetime negatively, leading to antigravitational effects including observed ‘dark energy’. Discovery of energy generation by gravity in 0=-1+1 type fashion and realization of negative energy affecting space lead to sweeping consequences for cosmology. The emerging Dual Energy Cosmological model (DEC) naturally addresses current problems including initial singularity, dark energy, dark matter, Lambda, vacuum energy from quantum fluctuations, an ultimate source for energy in the universe. Negative energy changes underlying assumptions of large-scale cosmic dynamics and renders Lambda-CDM model obsolete. New insights on energy in gravitational waves are detailed. Call for new astronomical surveys to assess historic gravitational energy delivery, where Anti-de Sitter space and signatures of a holographic structure naturally emerge as partial components of physical reality. The new theory of energy opens door to dual energy physics beyond gravity and cosmology. It is further proposed that interactions with negative energy rather than a positive Higgs field give rise to the masses of elementary particles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[32] viXra:1909.0541 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-24 06:50:16

Derivation of Field Equations of F(R) Gravity from Euler-Poisson Equation

Authors: Faisal Amin Yassein Abdelmohssin
Comments: 14 Pages.

We derived the field equations of f (R) gravity using Euler-Poisson equation, which allows the boundary term to vanish in a natural way from the principle of Calculus of variation in contrary to the original theory of H. A. Buchdahl 1970, in which the boundary term was not treated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[31] viXra:1909.0529 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-24 08:24:06

Coordinate Transformation and Static Charged Sphere in General Relativity

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 3 Pages.

We consider a static charged sphere in general relativity. We make a coordinate transformation of a specific form. The electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor in the transformed coordinates is shown to be zero contrary to what is expected.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[30] viXra:1909.0524 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-25 04:23:01

Unified Theory of Gravity and Electromagnetic Field in Reissner-Nodstrom Solution, Kerr-Newman Solution

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 6 Pages. Thank you for reading

Solutions of unified theory equations of gravity and electromagnetism satisfy Einstein-Maxwell equation. Hence, solutions of the unified theory is Reissner- Nodstrom solution in vacuum. We found in revised Einstein gravity tensor equation , the condition is satisf ied by 2 order contravariant metric tensor two times product,the constant matrix.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[29] viXra:1909.0519 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-24 14:17:37

Fabry-Perot Interferometer and Doppler Effect

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. All comments are welcome. Please include your email address and a short list of your publications

The interference pattern of a Fabry-Perot interferometer is conserved in all inertial reference frames. Its constructive pattern requires the wavelength to be proportional to the gap width of the interferometer. The length contraction from Lorentz transformation assumes the gap of the interferometer to be contracted in the direction of the relative motion. The wavelength is also contracted as it is proportional to the gap width. For two observers moving at the same speed, the contracted wavelength appears to be identical. If one of them moves in the opposite direction, they will observe an identical wavelength but two different frequencies due to the Doppler effect. Consequently, they observe two different speeds from the same light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[28] viXra:1909.0516 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-24 16:58:04

My Publisher's Father's Name Was "Ted": The MHCE8S Story is Thus as Surprising as Was the Sinking Of the Battleship Hood

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.

Abstract: It is noted that my ViXra publisher's father's name was "Ted". Therefore this connection between "ted" and "briggs" indicates that MHCE8S theory of the universe is as surprising (and important) as was the sinking of the battleship Hood.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[27] viXra:1909.0515 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-19 04:58:22

The Requirements on the Non-trivial Roots of the Riemann Zeta via the Dirichlet Eta Sum

Authors: William Blickos
Comments: 14 Pages.

An explanation of the Riemann Hypothesis is given in sections, using the well known Dirichlet Eta sum equivalence, beginning with a brief history of the paper and a statement of the problem. The next 3 sections dissect the complex Eta sum into 8 real valued sums and 2 constants. Parts 6 and 8 explain a recursive relationship between the sums and constants, via 2 systems of 2 equations, while parts 7 and 9 explain the conditions generated from both systems. Finally, section 10 concludes the explanation in terms of the original inputs of the Dirichlet Eta sum, proves Riemann's suspicion, and it shows that the only possible solution for the real portion of the complex input, commonly labeled a, is that it must equal 1/2 and only 1/2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[26] viXra:1909.0502 [pdf] replaced on 2019-11-23 02:52:05

Binary Merger of GW150914

Authors: Lluis Bel
Comments: 24 Pages.

A fully relativistic descriptiony of the encounter of 35 solar masses point-like objects, somehow mimicking the binary merger GW1508144 described by LIGO Scientific and VIRGO collaboration (Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 529, No 1-2)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[25] viXra:1909.0478 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-22 14:30:26

Nature Works from the Inside Out; an Illustration

Authors: Royan Rosche
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper I show you the fallacy of external logic based on accidental motion and guide you through various situations that show that there exists a power or force that resides inside all Matter as to cause its alterations, modifications, and movements within a defined sphere of activity and that this force within Matter does not impart its force or powers unto other bodies beyond itself or its sphere. I show by sound logical arguments that material motions caused by an external force is impossible insomuch as it pertains to the natural workings of Nature. I show you that all Winds, Waves, Orbits, Clouds and other natural motions and natural phenomena stem from a inward activity as opposed to a external activity that causes their alterations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[24] viXra:1909.0472 [pdf] replaced on 2019-10-24 03:12:11

Was the Light Speed Problem Really Solved by Einstein in 1905 ?

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 17 Pages.

I will try to invalidate the theory of relativity by presenting a compelling alternative theory. I hope that criticism of Einstein's theories will not be seen as offense.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[23] viXra:1909.0437 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-20 13:45:29

I am Very Interested in Whether or not You Are Related to the Physical Chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs of Yale University

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page. JW Gibbs was a very important man to my father especially.

Abstract: If you were, the answer to this question determines why I was able to publish my 105 short notes in ViXra without being ridiculed. Thank you very much.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[22] viXra:1909.0434 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-20 17:57:36

CMB, A. Einstein's STR, “Nothing” and Big Ben.

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 8 Pages.

It is shown that the CMB actually refutes the Big Bang theory, since it is an absolute coordinate system, and this is impossible according to A. Einstein's STR. Moreover, a prediction is made about the change in the CMB map over time, since the CMB depends on the gravitational potential at a given point, and taking into account the movement of our galaxy in the Universe, it (potential) will change. Similarly, the concept of “nothing” is analyzed, which is used to explain the expansion of the Universe. The existence of “nothing” is also in insurmountable contradiction with Einstein's STR.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[21] viXra:1909.0408 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-19 22:37:10

Liquid Universe and Gravitational Wave

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 32 Pages. 4 Figure; 1 Table; Including Russian abstract and Chinese Version

According to the universe model based on virtual space-time physics, the universe has two states, liquid and gaseous. The current universe is in a state of liquid universe. This can be supported by some important observational evidence. The liquid universe theory predicts that microwave background radiation and cosmic rays are gases that the liquid universe naturally evaporates, the temperatures of the two should be equal. At present, there are many research results of hydroacoustic theories in related disciplines, so we can use some hydroacoustic theories to deal with the propagation of gravitational waves in the liquid universe, and we can get some inspiring conclusions. This provides a broader theoretical support for us to study and discuss some important laws of gravitational waves in more detail. This paper gives a rough estimate of the gravitational wave data generated by the huge mass of the center of the Milky Way. It is found that the radiation of the gravitational wave in the center of the Milky Way can be used to explain the periodic variation of sunspots.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[20] viXra:1909.0405 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-20 03:08:41

Relativistic Quantum Bridge

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 74 Pages.

Quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity form the bedrock of the current understanding of physics-yet the two theories don't seem to work together. [48] Physicists from Professor Johannes Fink's research group at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria) have found a way to use a mechanical oscillator to produce entangled radiation. [47] The key to ghost imaging is to use two or more correlated beams of particles. [46] Physicists at the University of Alberta in Canada have developed a new way to build quantum memories, a method for storing delicate quantum information encoded into pulses of light. [45] Now, an Australian research team has experimentally realised a crucial combination of these capabilities on a silicon chip, bringing the dream of a universal quantum computer closer to reality. [44] A theoretical concept to realize quantum information processing has been developed by Professor Guido Burkard and his team of physicists at the University of Konstanz. [43] As the number of hacks and security breaches rapidly climbs, scientists say there may be a way to make a truly unhackable network by using the laws of quantum physics. [42] This world-first nanophotonic device, just unveiled in Nature Communications, encodes more data and processes it much faster than conventional fiber optics by using a special form of 'twisted' light. [41] Purdue University researchers created a new technique that would increase the secret bit rate 100-fold, to over 35 million photons per second. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[19] viXra:1909.0372 [pdf] replaced on 2021-05-10 05:16:43

Dark Energy and the Time Dependence of Fundamental Particle Constants

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 28 Pages. An appendix has been added with a formula for the full size of the universe.

The cosmic time dependencies of $G$, $\alpha$, $\hbar$ and of Standard Model parameters like the Higgs vev and elementary particle masses are studied in the framework of a new dark energy interpretation. Due to the associated time variation of rulers, many effects turn out to be invisible. However, a rather large time dependence is claimed to arise in association with dark energy measurements, and smaller ones in connection with the Standard Model. Finally, the dark energy equation of state and a formula for the full size of the universe are derived in an appendix.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[18] viXra:1909.0338 [pdf] replaced on 2019-09-21 21:39:21

The Cosmic Origin of Climate Cycles

Authors: F.M. Sanchez
Comments: 4 Pages.

  The Wolf and Milankovich cycles, as well as a 725 years one, are shown to be tightly connected to the invariant Hubble-Sanchez horizon radius, via the Bohr radius, the background temperature and the Kotov length, implying a liaison between the Mattieu group, the superstring dimension 496 and the Higgs boson mass. The Mattieu group order factorisation 66 × 5! is implied, and leads to a relation implying the Monster Couple, characterising the Tau, Mu Leptons and Proton masses and confirming the Eddington's Proton-Tau symmetry. A cosmic connection with the weak bosons implies explicit ppb formula for the Millenarium Lepton masses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[17] viXra:1909.0326 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-15 12:00:10

A Strange Connection Exists Between Middlebush NJ and the Sunken Locomotives Off Long Branch NJ

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.

Abstract: The 44.6 mile distance between Middlebush NJ and the 2 sunken early type locomotives found 5 miles off the coast of NJ near Long Branch NJ indicate an important connection between Middlebush and the MHCE8S theory of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[16] viXra:1909.0272 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-12 09:25:47

The Demise of Gravity Mystery

Authors: Ahmet Yalcin
Comments: 10 Pages. This is the first article of the "Field relative model of the Universe". This article will be followed by other articles including the mathematics and applications of theory.

Gravity is everywhere in our life but still the oldest unsolved phenomena scientists faced so far. This article gives an extremely simple explanation about it with an example from our daily life. The solution also defines what the tiniest element of entity in the universe should be. The work investigates, if this tiniest element contributes to the solutions of many of the other mysteries in Nature both in micro and macrocosms or creates additional new problems. The article almost uses no mathematics and the mathematics of the theory and many of the fundamental applications are subjects of other articles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[15] viXra:1909.0264 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-12 14:06:07

Dark Matter Cosmology and Astrophysics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 50 Pages.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from Universe into World from fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from Beginning of World for 0.4 billion years) when only DMPs existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in standard cosmological model is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems – how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Mysterious Star KIC 8462852 with irregular dimmings; Coronal Heating problem in solar physics – temperature of Sun's corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees; Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heat; Lightning Initiation problem – electric fields observed inside thunderstorms are not sufficient to initiate sparks; Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes – bursts of high energy X-rays and gamma rays emanating from Earth. Model makes predictions pertaining to Masses of DMPs, proposes New Types of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[14] viXra:1909.0243 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-10 14:30:56

Interpretation of Pre-Relativistic Transformations of Coordinates and Tensors

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 7 Pages. Russian

The properties of the pre-relativistic space-time are completely determined by the properties of the propagation of the information signal, in particular-the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves. The speed of propagation of the information signal is constant and does not depend on the state of motion of the observer and the direction of propagation. The scale of the coordinate axes in pre-relativistic coordinate transformations does not change.The Galilean space is not a model of the physical space of classical mechanics, despite the fact that the space of classical mechanics is defined in it, but Newton's laws and conservation laws are formulated through ordinary tensors in pre-relativistic space. The domain of pre-relativistic mechanics is limited by very small (precisely - infi-nitely small) velocities with respect to the velocity of the information signal propagation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[13] viXra:1909.0241 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-10 14:40:29

The Psychological Conflict from the General Theory of Relativity (1916) and the Proton Rafius Puzzle

Authors: Piscedda Giampaolo
Comments: 2 Pages.

In developing the general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein assert: My main purpose, is to develop this theory, so that the reader is aware that the way we set out, is psychologically the only natural one ( book title: La teoria della relatività, by Albert Einstein, Cap. 1 paragraph 4 ). Then we can deduced, that any solution of a physical problem attributable to the general theory of relativity, is psychologically the only natural one. After a brief introduction we solves the following problem: What will be the effect of muon, when it is inside the proton of density Jp = Vp/Mp for an infinitely small time? After to solve the problem we conclude that, experiments conducted with electrons and muon to measure the proton radius that will give the same result, come into contradiction with the general theory of relativity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[12] viXra:1909.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-08 14:12:19

Microwave Resonance and Doppler Effect

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. All comments are welcome. Please include your email address and a short list of your publications

A standing wave can be formed in a microwave resonator if the length of the resonator is equal to one half of the wavelength multiplied by an integer. Two observers moving at the same speed will observe the resonator of the same length. They will also observe the same wavelength as the wavelength is proportional to the length of the resonator. If one observer moves in the opposite direction, they will observe an identical wavelength but two different frequencies due to the Doppler effect. Therefore, the apparent speed of the microwave appears to be different for these two observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[11] viXra:1909.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-09 06:17:13

Gravity Expansions

Authors: Yahya Awad Sharif Mohammed
Comments: 1 Page. Author's Email : yahya-sharif@hotmail.com

This article aims to present gravity expansions concept.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[10] viXra:1909.0149 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-02 03:44:27

Energy Pairs might turn to Dark Energy

Authors: ‪Moshe Segal‬‏
Comments: 28 Pages.

The primary aim of this article is to evaluate a possible connection between the Dark Energy and electromagnetic traveling waves. The study starts by trying to answer the following question: is it possible to detect the energy embedded in a Null electromagnetic traveling wave, which is an electromagnetic traveling wave that does not contain any electric or magnetic fields at all. The article describes how to create such a Null electromagnetic traveling wave from two normal electromagnetic traveling waves, which do contain electric and magnetic fields, which collide and following their collision consolidate and unify and continue to travel together in the same direction. In three different proposed experiments of producing a Null, or a partly Null electromagnetic traveling waves, examined in the study, energy loss in the process was observed, which seems as a violation of the energy conservation principle. The main part of this study is the development of the "Energy Pair Theory" (EPT) that explained the above energy loss by the central idea of this theory that certain energies can be accumulated and stored as "Energy Pairs" that exist but disable each other, and therefore, the energy that is accumulated in the pairs exists but is undetectable or untraceable. The article examines the well-known observations of electron positron collision (known also as electron positron annihilation) to produce Gamma Photon, and the reversed process of Gamma Photon producing an electron and a positron (known also as pair production), in the EPT framework, and comes to the unexpected conclusion that electric charge is a form of energy, or in other words the entities of charge and energy are actually equated, as mass is recognized of being energy. This implies that the only distinct entity in Nature is Energy. This surprising and revolutionary conclusion has many future implications in both scientific research and technology. The article also examines other energy conservation issues relate to energy conservation issues in the field of energies embedded in static electric fields and in magnetic fields generated by moving charges which move at a constant velocity. These energy conservation issues are also explained by the Energy Pair Theory. Finally, the article examines the well-known Dark Energy untraceable energy in the EPT framework, and concludes that this energy might be a space in the universe where Energy Pairs reside. The Energy Pair Theory, developed in this study, puts the concept of "Energy" in a new and an interesting framework that is flexible and convenient to be further used as a framework in studying other physical and natural observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[9] viXra:1909.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-06 10:01:09

About Tests of Special Relativity

Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 4 pages

Now the Special Relativity Theory (SRT) is the cornerstone of contemporary physics. The proof of SRT is based on three basic experiments. The analysis of them shows that ordinary physics is sufficient for the interpretation of experimental results and there is no need for SRT. Therefore the above-mentioned experiments are not proof of SRT.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[8] viXra:1909.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-06 19:29:06

Calculating the Hawking Temperature in a Variant of the Near Horizon Metric

Authors: Tristan Anthony Dobrian
Comments: 12 Pages.

A modied version of the near horizon metric is introduced, that puts the near horizon metric in the same form as one of the most commonly-used metric variants of Rindler space. The metric is then used to calculate the Hawking temperature, using the WKB tunneling approximation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[7] viXra:1909.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-03 04:34:52

Electric Charges as Energy Pairs

Authors: ‪Moshe Segal‬‏
Comments: 36 Pages.

After the presentation of the Special Relativity Theory by Einstein, the concept of Mass was discovered to be a special form of Energy. Thus, the concept of Electric Charge remained the only distinct entity in Physics that is not equated with Energy. This study presents the following argument: Electric Charges are also a form of Energy as Mass is a form of Energy. The study starts by trying to answer the following question: is it possible to detect the energy embedded in a Null electromagnetic traveling wave, which is an electromagnetic traveling wave that does not contain any electric or magnetic fields at all. The article describes how to create such a Null electromagnetic traveling wave from two normal electromagnetic traveling waves, that do contain electric and magnetic fields, which collide and following their collision consolidate and unify and continue to travel together in the same direction. In three different proposed experiments of producing a Null, or a partly Null electromagnetic traveling waves, examined in the study, energy loss in the process was observed, which seems as a violation of the energy conservation principle. The main part of this study is the development of the "Energy Pair Theory" (EPT) that explained the above energy loss by the central idea of this theory that certain energies can be accumulated and stored as "Energy Pairs" that exist but disable each other, and therefore, the energy that is accumulated in the pairs exists but is undetectable or untraceable. Further, the article examines the well-known Dark Energy untraceable energy in the EPT framework, and concludes that this energy might be a space in the universe where Energy Pairs reside. Finally, the article examines the well-known observations of electron positron collision (known also as electron positron annihilation) to produce Gamma Photon, and the reversed process of Gamma Photon producing electron and positron (known also as pair production), in the EPT framework, and comes to the unexpected conclusion that electric charge is a form of energy, or in other words the entities of charge and energy are actually equated, as Mass is recognized of being Energy. This implies that the only distinct entity in Nature is Energy. This surprising and revolutionary conclusion has many future implications in both scientific research and technology. The Energy Pair Theory, developed in this study, puts the concept of "Energy" in a new and an interesting framework that is flexible and convenient to be further used as a framework in studying other physical and natural observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[6] viXra:1909.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-04 15:50:48

Calculating Gravitational Time Dilation Using Length Contraction

Authors: Tom Fuchs
Comments: 3 Pages.

I show that gravitational time dilation is a twin paradox scenario that can be calculated using length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[5] viXra:1909.0065 [pdf] replaced on 2019-09-16 07:07:08

The Length and Mass Scales of Cosmology and Astrophysics from Quantum Scales

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 11 Pages. Typos corrected

The length and mass scales of cosmology and astrophysics are shown to derive from quantum scales. The Quantum/Classical connection maps the Bohr radius, the reduced Compton wavelength and the classical electron radius – three ‘quantum’ length scales that lie in geometric progression with common ratio α, the fine structure constant – onto three ‘classical’ length scales: the radius of the observable universe; the radius of the stellar halo of the geometric-mean-sized galaxy that is typified by the Milky Way; and the radius of the planetary system of the geometric-mean-sized star that is typified by the sun. By way of the Quantum/Classical connection, the three classical length scales lie in geometric progression with common ratio equal to alpha^5/2 (=4.55E-6). This observation has opened up a framework of multiplicative relationships between cosmological and astrophysical scales based on powers of alpha^5/2. The astrophysical scales of the model refer to the geometric mean values of distributions of scales. ‘Local’ scales take very nearly ideal (geometric mean) values. The baryonic mass of the Milky Way and the mass of the sun approximate very closely to the baryonic mass of the Hubble sphere multiplied by alpha^5 and alpha^10, respectively. The total mass of the Milky Way, the mass of the supermassive black hole Sgr A* at the centre of the Milky Way and the geometric mean mass of black hole-black hole gravitational wave event progenitors approximate very closely to the total mass/energy of the Hubble sphere multiplied by alpha^5, alpha^15/2 and alpha^10, respectively. The results indicate that the total mass/energy of the Hubble sphere increases with time and that black holes grow at Hubble rate. The Schwarzschild radius of the ‘ideal’ star equals the radius of the star multiplied by alpha^5/2. By way of the Quantum/Classical connection, the radius and mass of the ‘ideal’ star map onto the mass and atomic radius, respectively, of the stable nuclide iron-56. The nearly-ideal sun is the counterpart of the stable nuclide chromium-53.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[4] viXra:1909.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2019-11-12 01:03:06

Hypothesis: Dark Energy or just Energy?

Authors: Nick Markov
Comments: 9 Pages. New validation approaches, formulas and appendices added in this revision.

This letter hypothesizes that matter expands proportionally with space. The expansion of the universe could be causing gravity instead of opposing it. The new perspective works without dark matter, extra dimensions, big bang, great attractor, and does not require changes to the established laws of physics. Five different approaches are proposed to validate the hypothesis at the macro- and micro level.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[3] viXra:1909.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-02 08:10:56

Time Dilation and Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Nick Markov
Comments: 10 Pages.

Correlation between relativistic time dilation and space-time curvature is presented aiming to explain the observed galactic rotational curves without introducing hidden parameters, such as dark matter. The relation is supported with measured data from five spiral galaxies of various sizes and rotational velocities. Correlations are also provided for a galaxy cluster and for the Solar System.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[2] viXra:1909.0024 [pdf] replaced on 2019-10-21 12:23:45

Unified Theory of Gravity and Electromagnetic Field

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

Solutions of unified theory equations of gravity and electromagnetism satisfy Einstein-Maxwell equation. Hence, solutions of the unified theory is Reissner- Nordstrom solution in vacuum. We found the revised Einstein gravity tensor equation , the condition is satisfied by 2 order contravariant metric tensor two times product , the constant matrix.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[1] viXra:1909.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-01 14:18:42

Fizeau Interferometer and Doppler Effect

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. All comments are welcome. Please include your email address and a short list of your publications

The interference pattern from a Fizeau interferometer is conserved in all inertial reference frames. Its constructive pattern requires the wavelength to be proportional to the width of the interferometer at the point of interference. The length contraction from Lorentz transformation assumes the interferometer to be contracted in the direction of the relative motion. The wavelength is contracted as well. For two observers moving at the same speed, the contracted wavelength appears to be identical for both of them. If one of them moves in the opposite direction, they will observe an identical wavelength but two different frequencies due to the Doppler effect. Consequently, they observe two different speeds from the same light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology