Preprints from viXra.org site http://viXra.org/ Fri Sep 03 17:11:40 BST 2010 Fri Sep 03 17:11:40 BST 2010 http://viXra.org/abs/1009.0006 2 Sep 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1009.0006v1
title: Two Remarkable Ortho-Homological Triangles
authors: Ion Pătraşcu, Florentin Smarandache
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 2 Sep 2010
abstract: In a previous paper we have introduced the ortho-homological triangles, which are triangles that are orthological and homological simultaneously. In this article we call attention to two remarkable ortho-homological triangles (the given triangle ABC and its first Brocard's triangle), and using the Sondat's theorem relative to orthological triangles, we emphasize on four important collinear points in the geometry of the triangle. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1009.0005 2 Sep 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1009.0005v1
title: A Case Against the First Quantization
authors: Nicolae Mazilu
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 2 Sep 2010
abstract: The blackbody radiation is an open problem, in the sense that there is no classical counterpart to describe the spectrum in physical terms. The usual derivation of Planck implicitly assumes that the spectral density is a mean for a special kind of exponential distributions. There is however a case where the classical statistics makes sense for the spectrum, if we consider the spectral density as a probability density for the values of the frequency at a certain temperature. We show here this case and illustrate it on contemporary COBE-FIRAS data, pointing out to a special tensor nature of the cosmic background radiation. Some conclusions about the measurement process and about the progress in general are drawn. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1009.0004 2 Sep 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1009.0004v1
title: New Method of Genenating of Primes and Its Application to the Goldbach's Conjecture
authors: Kunikazu Tanaka
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 2 Sep 2010
abstract: Showing how to derive new expressions of generating prime numbers to demonstrate the Goldbach's Conjecture ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1009.0003 1 Sep 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1009.0003v1
title: 7.0 Gev Dark Matter Candidate Could be the Missing Particle in Planck Framework
authors: Bernard Riley
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 1 Sep 2010
abstract: In a recent paper, Hooper et al. have shown that the excess of low energy events observed by the CoGeNT collaboration and the annual modulation observed for some years by the DAMA and DAMA/LIBRA collaborations could be explained by a dark matter particle with a mass of approximately 7.0 GeV. Such a dark matter candidate could be the missing particle within a framework that relates particle masses to the Planck Mass. Massive particles occupy coincident levels and sublevels within three sequences that descend in geometric progression, with common ratios 1/π, 2/π and 1/e, from the Planck Mass. The putative fundamental particles are arranged precisely upon or, in partnership, about mass superlevels and their coincidences within sequences with common ratios (1/π)³, (2/π)³ and (1/e)³. Four close superlevel coincidences, of which three are occupied, occur within the range of mass scales from that of the electron to that of the top quark. The fourth and uniquely precise superlevel coincidence occurs at 7.0 GeV. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1009.0002 2 Sep 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1009.0002v2
title: Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory
authors: Fred Alan Wolf
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: replacement
date: 2 Sep 2010
abstract: It is shown that the usual quantum field theoretical argument for the vanishing of the commutator (VC) for spacelike separated fields implying causality is not tenable. For VC to be tenable negative energy antiparticles traveling forward in time must exist and negative energy particles traveling backward in time are not allowed. Hence VC denies the existence of positive energy antiparticles. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1009.0002 1 Sep 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1009.0002v1
title: Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory
authors: Fred Alan Wolf
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 1 Sep 2010
abstract: It is shown that the usual quantum field theoretical argument for the vanishing of the commutator (VC) for spacelike separated fields implying causality is not tenable. For VC to be tenable negative energy antiparticles traveling forward in time must exist and negative energy particles traveling backward in time are not allowed. Hence VC denies the existence of positive energy antiparticles. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1009.0001 3 Sep 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1009.0001v2
title: Supplying Conditions for Having up to 1000 Degress of Freedom in the Onset of Inflation, Instead of 2 to 3 Degrees of Freedom, Today, in Space-Time.
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 3 Sep 2010
abstract: The following document attempts to answer the role additional degrees of freedom have as to initial inflationary cosmology. A comparison is made to two representations of a scale evolutionary Friedman equation, with one of the equations based upon LQG, and another involving an initial Hubble expansion parameter with initial temperature T_Planck ~ 10¹⁹ GeV used as an input into T⁴ times N(T). The upshot is that initial assumptions as to the number of degrees of freedom has for T_Planck ~ 10¹⁹ GeV a maximum value of N(T)~ 10³ . Making that upper end approximation for the value of permissible degrees of freedom is dependent upon a minimum grid size length as of about l_Planck ~ 10³³ centimeters. Should the minimum uncertainty and permissible grid size for space time be significantly higher than be much higher than l_Planck ~ 10³³ centimeters, the net effect will be to reduce to top level value of N(T)~ 10³ to something lower. The author submits that such degrees of freedom is important for initial configurations for the initial configuration of the arrow of time , i.e entropy growth for reasons which will be made clear in the manuscript. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1009.0001 1 Sep 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1009.0001v1
title: Supplying Conditions for Having up to 1000 Degress of Freedom in the Onset of Inflation, Instead of 2 to 3 Degrees of Freedom, Today, in Space-Time.
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 1 Sep 2010
abstract: The following document attempts to answer the role additional degrees of freedom have as to initial inflationary cosmology. A comparison is made to two representations of a scale evolutionary Friedman equation, with one of the equations based upon LQG, and another involving an initial Hubble expansion parameter with initial temperature T_Planck ~ 10¹⁹ GeV used as an input into T⁴ times N(T). The upshot is that initial assumptions as to the number of degrees of freedom has for T_Planck ~ 10¹⁹ GeV a maximum value of N(T)~ 10³ . Making that upper end approximation for the value of permissible degrees of freedom is dependent upon a minimum grid size length as of about l_Planck ~ 10³³ centimeters. Should the minimum uncertainty and permissible grid size for space time be significantly higher than be much higher than l_Planck ~ 10³³ centimeters, the net effect will be to reduce to top level value of N(T)~ 10³ to something lower. The author submits that such degrees of freedom is important for initial configurations for the initial configuration of the arrow of time , i.e entropy growth for reasons which will be made clear in the manuscript. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0093 31 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0093v1
title: A Hypothesis on the Nature of Light
authors: J. Arnold
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 31 Aug 2010
abstract: It is proposed that light is at absolute rest, its apparent motion being the reflection of the motion of mass in time. The hypothesis resolves the paradox of the apparent wave/particle duality of light, accounts for its speed being invariant and a limit, explains numerous other peculiarities of its behavior, and identifies the motion of mass in time as the source of gravitational energy. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0092 11 Aug 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1008.0092v1
title: Tides ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )
authors: Nainan K. Varghese
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 11 Aug 2010
abstract: Present explanations on mechanism of tides are based either on centrifugal action or on gravitational attraction. Centrifugal force (due to motion of a body in circular path), used in analytical solutions, is an imaginary effort. Explanations, based on actions by an imaginary effort, cannot be factually correct. One of the fundamental assumptions used to derive the equation for gravitational attraction is that whole matter content (mass) of each body is concentrated at its centre. This makes it illogical to assume that different parts of same body have different magnitudes of gravitational attraction towards another body. Therefore, explanations on tides, based on differences in gravitational attractions on different parts of bodies, are perversions of present theory on gravitational attraction. Apparent orbital motion of a body about epicentre of a system is also used in some explanations. In nature, no free body can orbit around another moving body [3] in geometrically closed path. Orbital path of earth about the sun (or that of moon about earth) is not circular or elliptical around a central body but it zigzags about sun's (earth's) median path in space. Hence, an explanation based on revolution of earth around an epicentre is pure imagination. According to current rules of dynamics, more than one external linear effort on a rigid body can produce only one resultant linear motion. Yet, earth experiences distinctly separate sets of tides from central forces towards moon and sun. Only logical reason for lunar tides to be greater than solar tides is that the central force between earth and moon is greater than that between earth and sun. This cannot be substantiated by current gravitational laws. This article attempts to give a simple and logical explanation to tidal mechanism, based on a radically different dynamics, put forward in 'Hypothesis on MATTER [1]. Tides are caused by (accelerating) actions of external efforts on a linearly moving spinning-body. Each external effort alters shape of the spinning body, separately, to produce its own set of tides. Change in the shape of a spinning body, rather than displacement of its parts, cause tides. Absolute linear motion of the spinning body shifts zenith points of tides from local meridians facing the sun (or moon) and on opposite side. Orbital motion of a spinning body enhances deflection of tides from local meridian. Displacement of ocean water in the direction of moving tide is superficial and it cannot produce tidal drag on earth's solid core body. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0091 31 Aug 2010 Set Theory and Logic reference: viXra:1008.0091v1
title: A Unifying Field in Logics: Neutrosophic Logic. Neutrosophy, Neutrosophic Set, Neutrosophic Probability and Statistics
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Set Theory and Logic
type: submission
date: 31 Aug 2010
abstract: It was a surprise for me when in 1995 I received a manuscript from the mathematician, experimental writer and innovative painter Florentin Smarandache, especially because the treated subject was of philosophy - revealing paradoxes - and logics. He had generalized the fuzzy logic, and introduced two new concepts: a) "neutrosophy" - study of neutralities as an extension of dialectics; b) and its derivative "neutrosophic", such as "neutrosophic logic", "neutrosophic set", "neutrosophic probability", and "neutrosophic statistics" and thus opening new ways of research in four fields: philosophy, logics, set theory, and probability/statistics. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0090 31 Aug 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1008.0090v1
title: Interval Groupoids
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, Moon Kumar Chetry
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 31 Aug 2010
abstract: This book introduces several new classes of groupoid, like polynomial groupoids, matrix groupoids, interval groupoids, polynomial interval groupoids, matrix interval groupoids and their neutrosophic analogues. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0089 30 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0089v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (441)-(490)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 30 Aug 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we are able to prove almost all prime problems in prime distribution. This is the Book proof. In this paper using Jiang function J₂(ω) we prove that the new prime theorems (441)-(490) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions.From (6) we are able to find the smallest solution. π_k(N₀,2) ≥ 1. This is the Book theorem. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0088 31 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0088v1
title: Goldbach' Conjecture (9): Proved Hardy-Littlewood Conjecture (A)
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 31 Aug 2010
abstract: We have inclusion-exclusion formula of π(N) and inclusion-exclusion formula of r₂(N). Make use of inclusion-exclusion formula, we can obtain Hardy-Littlewood Conjecture (A). ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0087 30 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0087v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (541)-(590)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 30 Aug 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we are able to prove almost all prime problems in prime distribution. This is the Book proof. In this paper using Jiang function J₂(ω) we prove that the new prime theorems (541)-(590) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions.From (6) we are able to find the smallest solution. π_k(N₀,2) ≥ 1. This is the Book theorem. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0086 30 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0086v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (491)-(540)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 30 Aug 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we are able to prove almost all prime problems in prime distribution. This is the Book proof. In this paper using Jiang function J₂(ω) we prove that the new prime theorems (491)-(540) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions.From (6) we are able to find the smallest solution. π_k(N₀,2) ≥ 1. This is the Book theorem. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0085 29 August 2010 Geophysics reference: viXra:1008.0085v1
title: Earth History from the Ancient Texts and It's Relevance to the Science
authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
category: Geophysics
type: submission
date: 29 August 2010
abstract: Ancient descriptions of beginning of the Earth and the global deluge are relevant to the Earth history. Beginning of the Earth or beginning of the time appears to be the beginning of the Supercontinent cycle on the surface of the Earth around 2800 million years ago. Since then, six Supercontinent cycles were completed on the surface of the Earth and the present is the seventh cycle. Global deluge appears to be the description of the rise in sea level occurred with the breakup of each Supercontinent. Therefore global deluge occurs in the beginning of every Supercontinent cycle. Descriptions of the Manvantara cycles, seven Earths and seven Karshvars are similar to the Supercontinent cycles. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0084 29 August 2010 Geophysics reference: viXra:1008.0084v1
title: Cause, Origin and Continuation of Plate Tectonics
authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
category: Geophysics
type: submission
date: 29 August 2010
abstract: Cause of the Earth's surface manifestations appears to be external to the Earth. Gravitational attraction of the galactic center causes the tides to form in the mantle of the Earth when the solar system reaches the nearest position to the galactic center. Pair of troughs takes shape in the mantle adjacent to the tides as the low and high tides in the ocean. Upwelling tides or megablobs breaks the continental crust and disperses the plates towards the troughs on the surface. In the subsequent cycle, when the solar system again reaches the nearest position to the galactic center, megablobs interchange with the troughs and reassemble the continental crust. In other words, two galactic cycles of the solar system makes one Supercontinent cycle on the surface of the Earth. It appears that the Supercontinent cycle started on the Earth around 2800 million years ago. Nucleation of the inner core was initiated in this period with the beginning of the Plate tectonics. Supercontinent cycle continues as long as the solar system revolves around the galactic center in the presence of liquid outer core in the interior and water on the surface of the Earth. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0083 29 August 2010 Geophysics reference: viXra:1008.0083v1
title: Tectonic Pause: Towards the Unification of Earth Sciences
authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
category: Geophysics
type: submission
date: 29 August 2010
abstract: Life on Earth reels under the Supercontinent cycles. Every Supercontinent forms with the collision and merger of all the plates causing a "tectonic pause". Reduced seafloor spreading and albedo advances the ice sheets towards the equator. Massive ice sheets cover the ocean and whole or part of the Supercontinent causing a global ice age or snowball Earth event. Base of the continents further sinks into the mantle with the increased weight of the ice sheets. Increased pressure within the mantle forms as a superplume under the Supercontinent and eventually breaks the Supercontinental crust giving the new plates. Superplume with the increased seafloor spreading and the albedo causes a severe global warming and rapidly melts the ice sheets, exiting the global ice age. Rapid melting of the ice sheets floods the lowered continental regions. Isostacy gradually uplifts the submerged continental crust above the sea level. Each break in the crust causes a global warming and merger of plates causes an ice age. Mass extinctions occur in the ice age and global warming periods. Evolution takes place in the post global warming period. Ice ages and global warming forms the distinct boundaries in the sedimentary layers. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0082 13 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0082v1
title: A Set of Conjectures on Smarandache Sequences
authors: Sylvester Smith
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: Searching through the Archives of the Arizona State University, I found interesting sequences of numbers and problems related to them. I display some of them, and the readers are welcome to contribute with solutions or ideas. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0081 28 Aug 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1008.0081v1
title: Smarandache's Minimum Theorem in the Einstein Relativistic Velocity Model of Hyperbolic Geometry
authors: Catalin Barbu
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 28 Aug 2010
abstract: In this note, we present a proof to the Smarandache's Minimum Theorem in the Einstein Relativistic Velocity Model of Hyperbolic Geometry. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0080 27 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0080v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (391)-(440)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 27 Aug 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (391)-(440) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0079 27 Aug 2010 Geophysics reference: viXra:1008.0079v1
title: Entropy Shows that Global Warming Should Cause Increased Variability in the Weather
authors: John Michael Williams
category: Geophysics
type: submission
date: 27 Aug 2010
abstract: Elementary physical reasoning seems to leave it inevitable that global warming would increase the variability of the weather. The first two terms in an approximation to the global entropy may be used to show that global warming has increased the free energy available to drive the weather, and that the variance of the weather is expected to have increased correspondingly. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0077 26 Aug 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1008.0077v1
title: Approximations of the Fine Structure Constant Reciprocal
authors: J. S. Markovitch
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 26 Aug 2010
abstract: A "brute force" computer search was made for the most accurate approximations of the experimental fine structure constant reciprocal in the form (A^a - D^d)/B^b + C^c - E^e, where A, B, C, D, and E were integers ranging from 0 to 30, while the exponents a, b, and c, were integers ranging from 0 to 3, and d and e were integers ranging from 0 to -3. Within these restrictions, and ignoring all trivial variants, a fit better than or equal to 137.036 was achieved only twice, by (10^3 - 10^-3)/3^3 + 10^2 - 10^-3 = 137.036 and (22^3 - 2^-1)/25^2 + 11^2 - 1^-1 = 137.036, where the search employed a fine structure constant inverse equaling its 2006 CODATA value of 137.035999679. The comparative simplicity of the first of these approximations, its symmetrical reuse of the constant 10, and the small size of its integers, together suggest its origin may be physical, and that the integers 10 and 3 may be important physical constants. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0076 30 Aug 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1008.0076v2
title: A Note on Astrometric Data and Time Varying Sun-Earth Distance in the Light of Carmeli Metric
authors: V. Christianto
category: Astrophysics
type: replacement
date: 30 Aug 2010
abstract: In this note, we describe shortly time varying Sun-Earth distance in the light of Carmeli metric and compare the result with recent astrometric data. The graphical plot suggests that there should be linear-linear correspondence between Sun-planets distances and their time variation. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0076 26 Aug 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1008.0076v1
title: A Note on Astrometric Data and Time Varying Sun-Earth Distance in the Light of Carmeli Metric
authors: V. Christianto
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 26 Aug 2010
abstract: In this note, we describe shortly time varying Sun-Earth distance in the light of Carmeli metric and compare the result with recent astrometric data. The graphical plot suggests that there should be linear-linear correspondence between Sun-planets distances and their time variation. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0075 26 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0075v1
title: Why Trimmer et Al. "Did not Detect" Aether Wind in 1973?
authors: V.V.Demjanov
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 26 Aug 2010
abstract:           In 1960s several authors began independently studies of the interferometric detection of "aether wind" using in the device optical media. Shamir&Fox in 1969 made measurements on the plexiglas and declared them "negative" (whereas they registered the shift of the fringe at ~1/3000 of its width, and "determined" a corresponding to it velocity of aether wind ~6.6 km/s). In 1973 Trimmer et al. mounted at the one-armed device the glass optics and registered with a big resolution the shift of the interference fringe (at most ~10^–6 of its width) and determined by it the speed of "aether wind" ~3.8 cm/s. This result enhanced still more the confidence in that the attempts to detect aether are unfavorable. However, my results of the same years being favorable fell out of the common line of "negative" verdicts to aether. I managed to register on gases, liquids and solid optical materials million times greater relative fringe shifts (0.01÷5.0), revealed the horizontal projection of the aether wind velocity hundreds km/s. Since my results "weakened the experimental foundation of special relativity", their publishing is rejected until now.
          In the current report I argue reasonably, relying on my experience, that Trimmer et al. (as well as Shamir &Fox), actually obtained positive results in their measurements of aether wind which amounts to several hundreds km/s, proceeding from the declared by them resolution of their experimental units. I believe their experimental data. But I guess that they were faced with hidden artefacts in the interferometer with solid optic materials and not aware of it. The theory used by them for processing the measurements of the interference fringe shift obtained is not appropriate for interferometers with solid optical materials. I have found the possible reason why Trimmer et al. did not reveal the experimental facts undermining theories repudiating aether. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0074 26 Aug 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1008.0074v1
title: An Explanation of Redshift in a Static Universe
authors: Lyndon Ashmore
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 26 Aug 2010
abstract: A review of the literature on the Lyman alpha forest gives direct evidence on the dynamics of the universe. In an expanding universe one would expect the average temperature of the universe to fall as it expands - but a review of the Doppler parameters of the Hydrogen clouds in Quasar spectra shows that contrary to this, they are increasing in temperature (or at least, becoming increasingly disturbed) as the universe ages. Addition-ally, in an expanding universe, hydrogen clouds must become further apart with time, so, as redshift increases, the clouds would be closer together. Instead, the evidence is that, on average, they are evenly spaced up to a redshift of one - if not beyond. How can this be so if the universe is expanding? Especially since this range of redshifts includes the supernovae data used to show 'acceleration' and so called 'time dilation.' Taking these results in isolation implies that the universe has been static for at least the last billion years or so and therefore a new model of redshift is needed to explain redshifts in a static universe. The model proposed here is that in a static universe, photons of light from distant galaxies are absorbed and reemitted by electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space and on each interaction the electron recoils. Energy is lost to the recoiling electron (New Tired Light theory) and thus the reemitted photon has less energy, a reduced frequency and therefore an increased wavelength. It has been redshifted. The Hubble relationship be-comes 'photons of light from a galaxy twice as far away, make twice as many interactions with the electrons in the plasma of IG space, lose twice as much energy and undergo twice the redshift.' A relationship between redshift and distance is found and, using published values of collision cross-sections and number density of electrons in IG space, a value for the Hubble constant is derived which is in good agreement with measured values. Assuming that the energy transferred to the recoiling electron is emitted as secondary radiation; the wavelength is calculated and found to be consistent with the wavelengths of the CMB. On the basis that plasma clouds result in periodicity or 'quantised' galaxy redshifts it is shown that the average spacing between hydrogen clouds (z = 0.026) compares favourably with an average spacing between galaxy clusters (z = 0.023). A test of this theory in the laboratory is proposed whereby a high powered laser could be fired through sparse cold plasma and the theories predicted increase in emission of microwave radiation of a particular frequency determined. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0073 26 Aug 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1008.0073v1
title: A Proposed Recoil Interaction Between Photons and the Electrons in the Plasma of Intergalactic Space Leading to the Hubble Constant and CMB
authors: Lyndon Ashmore
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 26 Aug 2010
abstract: The Hubble diagram for type Ia Supernovae gives the value of the Hubble constant, H as 64±3 km/s Mpc^-1 which, in SI units, is equal to 'hr_e/m_e per unit volume of space' (2.1x10^-18 s^-1). This coincidence could suggest a relationship between H and the electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space that act collectively and oscillate if displaced. The possibility that light from distant galaxies is absorbed and reemitted by the electrons is considered with the electron recoiling on both occasions. A double Mössbauer effect leads to a redshift in the transmitted light. Introduction of the photoabsorption cross section 2r_eλ leads to the relationship H = 2n_ehr_e/m_e giving H = 12 km/s Mpc^-1 when ne has the reported value of n_e ~ 10^-7cm^-3. The small amount of energy transferred to the electron by recoil is radiated as bremstrahlung with a wavelength in the microwave region. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0072 30 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0072v2
title: Gravitation, Force and Geometry
authors: J. Arnold
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 30 Aug 2010
abstract: Gravitation is described as a uniquely geometric phenomenon, incompatible with the concepts of force and energy, and only analogically associable with non-geometric mathematical formalizations. In particular, the mathematical derivation of gravitational waves from the field equations is shown to be arbitrary and physically untenable. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0072 25 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0072v1
title: Gravitation, Force and Geometry
authors: J. Arnold
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 25 Aug 2010
abstract: Gravitation is described as a uniquely geometric phenomenon, incompatible with the concepts of force and energy, and only analogically associable with non-geometric mathematical formalizations. In particular, the mathematical derivation of gravitational waves from the field equations is shown to be arbitrary and physically untenable. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0071 25 Aug 2010 Geophysics reference: viXra:1008.0071v1
title: Earth's Charge and the Charges of the Van Allen Belts
authors: Jacob Biemond
category: Geophysics
type: submission
date: 25 Aug 2010
abstract: In this paper three separate charges are distinguished for the Earth and its magnetosphere. First, it is assumed, that the Earth and its nearest atmosphere bear a net negative charge Q_E. Secondly, a positive charge Q_i and a negative charge Q_o are proposed for the inner and outer Van Allen belt, respectively. Thirdly, a belt with net zero charge (electron slot) will be assumed to be present between both charged belts. According to the three tori model, recently developed for pulsars and black holes, equilibrium may exist between the charges Q_E, Q_i and Q_o. Three expressions for the Coulomb electric field at different distances from Earth's centre are derived from the same model. Using available data, values for the three charges are deduced for the solar minimum and maximum, respectively. An averaged charge Q_E of about −1 C is extracted for the Earth. Some other features of the model are discussed, among them the flow of charge during the change from solar minimum to maximum. Furthermore, it is shown that the magnitude of Earth's magnetic field cannot be explained by the motion of the charges Q_E, Q_i and Q_o. In order to obtain a better explanation, the so-called Wilson-Blackett law is discussed. In addition, a large toroidal electric current in the Earth is proposed ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0070 25 Aug 2010 General Science and Philosophy reference: viXra:1008.0070v1
title: The Creator and the Physicist How not to Talk Physics in the Face of God
authors: John Michael Williams
category: General Science and Philosophy
type: submission
date: 25 Aug 2010
abstract: This paper is less about religion than about science. It is meant as advice to physicists, physics teachers, biologists, or others who may find themselves confronted by Creationism when discussion of the theory of evolution, or of other scientific issues, is perceived as bearing on religious writings or dogma. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0069 25 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0069v1
title: Wandering in the World of Smarandache Numbers
authors: A.A.K. Majumdar
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 25 Aug 2010
abstract: It was in mid-nineties of the last century when I received a letter from Professor Ion Patrascu of the Fratii Buzesti College, Craiova, Romania, with lots of enclosures, introducing me with this new branch of Mathematics. Though my basic undergraduate degree is in Mathematics, my research field at that time was Operations Research and Mathematical Programming. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0068 13 Mar 2010 Social Science reference: viXra:1008.0068v1
title: Vedic Mathematics 'vedic' or 'mathematics': a Fuzzy & Neutrosophic Analysis
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Social Science
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: Religious extremism has been the root cause of most of the world problems since time immemorial. It has decided the fates of men and nations. In a vast nation like India, the imposition of religious dogma and discrimination upon the people has taken place after the upsurge of Hindu rightwing forces in the political arena. As a consequence of their political ascendancy in the northern states of India, they started to rewrite school textbooks in an extremely biased manner that was fundamentalist and revivalist. Not only did they meddle with subjects like history (which was their main area of operation), but they also imposed their religious agenda on the science subjects. There was a plan to introduce Vedic Astrology in the school syllabus across the nation, which was dropped after a major hue and cry from secular intellectuals. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0067 13 Mar 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1008.0067v1
title: Target Type Tracking with a New Probabilistic Belief Transformation
authors: Jean Dezert, Florentin Smarandache, Albena Tchamova, Pavlina Konstantinova
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: Abstract-In this paper we analyze the performances of a new probabilistic belief transformation, denoted DSmP, for the sequential estimation of target ID from classifier outputs in the Target Type Tracking problem (TTT). We complicate here a bit the TTT problem by considering three types of targets (Interceptor, Fighter and Cargo) and show through Monte-Carlo simulations the advantages of DSmP over the classical pignistic transformation which is classically used for decision-making under uncertainty when dealing with belief assignments. Based on our previous works for the justification of rules of combination for TTT problem, only the Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule and the hybrid fusion rules are considered in this work for their ability to deal consistently with high conflicting sources of evidence with three different belief assignment modelings. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0066 24 Aug 2010 History and Philosophy of Physics reference: viXra:1008.0066v1
title: Neutrino Oscillations: the Indefinite Mass Defined
authors: John Michael Williams
category: History and Philosophy of Physics
type: submission
date: 24 Aug 2010
abstract: This paper outlines the usual neutrino oscillation theory and points out the analogy between Lyman energy eigenstates and neutrino mass eigenstates. It then suggests several alternative interpretations of the neutrino oscillation theory in regard to determination of the rest mass of the neutrino. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0065 24 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0065v1
title: The Theory of Relativity is Wrong
authors: Emil Gigov
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 24 Aug 2010
abstract: Very true scientists, such as Rutherford, Soddy, Michelson, Sagnac, Lenard, Larmor, McMillan and others, have claimed, that the Theory of relativity is wrong. Even Poincare and Einstein are hinted something similar. Classical physics is far from simple, already during the XIX century has been spoken about things like gravity waves, nuclear power and variable mass. Theory of relativity as a whole, is based only on the hypothesis, that the speed of light in Euclidean empty space is, invariant universal constant. But in reality this velocity is variable, in Newtonian sense. Newton's emission theory of light, has been proven through many experiments, for example by those of Michelson, Sagnac and Fizeau. Also, the velocity of photons in one ray, is variable with respect to lateral observer, and is consistent with the classical law for velocity addition. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0064 23 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0064v1
title: Goldbach' Conjecture (8): Upper Bound Estimation of Number of Goldbach' Primes
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 23 Aug 2010
abstract: This upper bound estimation prevailed over upper bound estimation of Chen Jing Run ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0063 23 Aug 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1008.0063v1
title: Temperature of the Sn1987a Supernova Provides an Estimate of the Electron Neutrino Mass
authors: John Michael Williams
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 23 Aug 2010
abstract: Numerous upper bounds on the (anti)neutrino rest mass have been published based on the SN1987A observations. Here, we use a nonkinematic (thermal) time extent to provide a rest-mass estimate of a few eV (as mc2 energy), if not zero. In the solution, we find that a typical upper-bound formula for the mass implies that this thermal extent was attributable to about 10% of the particle energy measured on Earth. The present approach yields an expected value for the mass, given any theoretical or model-dependent estimate of the fraction of the detected neutrino energy attributable to the supernova temperature. This is a reposting of an old paper which describes an analysis protocol which can be applied for any supernova for which a population of neutrinos is observed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0062 22 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0062v1
title: Smarandache Consecutive Prime Sequences (n = 1 to 100)
authors: Robert G. Wilson V
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 22 Aug 2010
abstract: "Smarandache consecutive sequences" is the nth member of the consecutive sequence, e. g. Sm(11)=1234567891011, and RSm(11)=1110987654321. Following is the prime version of "Smarandache consecutive sequences" ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0061 22 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0061v1
title: Some Properties of the Pseudo-Smarandache Function
authors: Richard Pinch
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 22 Aug 2010
abstract: Charles Ashbacher [1] has posed a number of questions relating to the pseudo-Smarandache function Z(n). In this note we show that the ratio of consecutive values Z(n + 1)/Z(n) and Z(n - 1)/Z(n) are unbounded; that Z(2n)/Z(n) is unbounded; that n/Z(n) takes every integer value infinitely often; and that the series Σ_n 1/Z(n)^α is convergent for any α > 1. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0060 22 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0060v1
title: Gravitons Writ Large; I.e. Stability, Contributions to Early Arrow of Time, and Also Their Possible Role in re Acceleration of the Universe 1 Billion Years Ago?
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 22 Aug 2010
abstract: This document is due to a question by Debasish of the Saha institute of India asked in the Dark Side of the Universe conference, 2010, in Leon, Mexico[1], and also is connected with issues as to the initial configuration of the arrow of time brought up in both Rudn 10 [2], in Rencontres de Blois[3], and Fundamental frontiers of physics 11 [4], in Paris, in July 2010. Further reference is made as to how to reconcile early inflation with re acceleration, partly by dimensional analysis and partly due to recounting a suggestion as by Yurov [5] , which the author thinks has merit and which ties into, to a point with using massive gravitons as a re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago enabler, as perhaps a variant of DE. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0059 21 Aug 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1008.0059v1
title: Tornado Genesis
authors: Kiyoung Kim
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 21 Aug 2010
abstract: It is inferred from the phenomenological facts of tornado that tornado itself should have a driving force generating the updraft in the vortex of tornado. The driving force is supposed to be originated from the electric interaction between a storm cloud and a crustal conducting body underground. The electric interaction in tornado is considered to be similar to a lightning discharge in respect that the electric potential is reduced between a storm cloud and the ground, but the electric discharging process in tornado should be much slower than the lightning discharge and result in the atmospheric vortex formation of tornado. The mechanism of tornado formation is suggested, in which Townsend avalanche process is assumed inside the tornado vortex with a dangling conducting channel that is embedded in the funnel cloud of tornado. The strong updraft inside the vortex of tornado is produced by momentum diffusion process when the positively ionized air molecules move upward under the influence of electric field inside the vortex. With the mechanism of tornado formation, phenomenological expectations are followed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0058 21 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0058v1
title: The Big Boing Theory (The Exam at the End of All Exams)
authors: John Michael Williams
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 21 Aug 2010
abstract: Two cosmonauts had been living in an obscure compartment of the Mir Orbiter for seven years, ever since Ground Control inadvertently omitted them from a list of return passengers... ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0057 20 Aug 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1008.0057v1
title: Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles 3. the Mass Origin Theory
authors: A.G. Kyriakos
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 20 Aug 2010
abstract: Two hypotheses of the mass origin are examined: 1) the theory of mass, developed within the framework of electron theory, and 2) Higgs's mechanism of the mass generation of Standard Model. The advantages and disadvantages of each of them are shown. The connections between these two approaches and nonlinear theory of elementary particles are also noted. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0056 20 Aug 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1008.0056v1
title: Gravity Waves and the Constancy of the Speed of Light
authors: John R. McWhinnie
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 20 Aug 2010
abstract: This paper takes two phenomena in physics, attempts to show that the solutions to them are linked and that these solutions shall require a radical re-think of physics ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0055 20 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0055v1
title: Configuration of the Arrow of Time, in Initial Start of Inflation?
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 20 Aug 2010
abstract: Initial relic entropy growth is presented in the context of a zero valued chemical potential and different formulations of overall energy values, which may be tied into massive gravitons appearing at the onset of inflation This is contrasted with the role of gravitons with non zero rest mass in four dimensions a billion years ago. Questions as to if an interplay between two different regimes for 'heavy' gravity are presented s open research issues. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0054 20 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0054v1
title: Goldbach' Conjecture (7): Five Proofs that is Under Five Assumptions Term
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 20 Aug 2010
abstract: According to five assumptions, get five proofs ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0053 20 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0053v1
title: Gravitons, and the Initial Configuration of Arrow of Time in Inflation?. Part 2, of a Discussion Started at Rudn 10, in Moscow, June 30, 2010
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 20 Aug 2010
abstract: This investigation sets forth initial conditions for a start of the arrow of time in cosmology based upon the idea that of having initil degrees of freedom set as g_star ~ 1000 initially , instead of a maximum value of g_star ~ 100 - 120 for the number of degrees of freedom during the electro weak era. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0052 19 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0052v1
title: Is Initial Data for Cosmological Arrow of Time Emerging Due to Inflation Start?
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 19 Aug 2010
abstract: We ask if setting the vanishing chemical potential limit μ -> 0 with entropy S ∝ T³ [1] for a number of degrees of freedom significantly greater than the standard electroweak value of g_star ~ 100 - 120, do we have a new foundation for the arrow of time in quantum cosmology with inflation? ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0051 18 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0051v1
title: Covariant Energy-Momentum Conservation in General Relativity with Cosmological Constant
authors: Philip Gibbs
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 18 Aug 2010
abstract: A covariant formula for conserved currents of energy, momentum and angular-momentum is derived from a general form of Noether's theorem applied directly to the Einstein-Hilbert action of classical general relativity. Energy conservation in closed and flat big-bang cosmologies including cosmic radiation and dark energy is discussed as special cases. Special care is taken to distinguish between kinematic and dynamic expressions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0050 18 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0050v1
title: Could Gravitons from Prior Universe Survive Quantum Bounce to Reappear in Present Universe
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 18 Aug 2010
abstract: We ask the question if an entropy S = E/T with a usual value ascribed of initial entropy S ~ 10⁵ of the onset of inflation can allow an order of magnitude resolution of the question of if there could be a survival of a graviton from a prior to the present universe, using typical Planckian peak temperature values of T ~ 10¹⁹ GeV. We obtain the values consistent with up to 1038 gravitons contributing to an energy value of E ~ 10²⁴ GeV if we assume a relic energy contribution based upon each graviton initially exhibiting a frequency spike of 1010 Hz. The value of E ~ 10²⁴ GeV is picked from looking at the aftermath of what happens if there exists a quantum bounce with a peak density value of ρ_maximum ~ 2.07 ρ_Planck as has been considered recently by P. Malkiewicz and W. Piechocki [15] in the LQG bounce regime radii of the order of magnitude of l ~ 10³⁵ meters. In this paper estimates specifically avoids using S = (E - μN)/T are done, by setting vanishing chemical potential μ = 0 for ultra high temperatures. Finally we compare briefly the obtained results with the ones recently investigated by G. 't Hooft [20] and L.A. Glinka [21, 22]. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0049 17 Aug 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1008.0049v1
title: A Model of the Proton
authors: R. Wayte
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 17 Aug 2010
abstract: AA geometrical/mechanical model of the proton is developed which satisfies general empirical features. A Yukawa / Paris-type potential due to a mesonic field is incorporated into Einstein's equations of general relativity to predict a hadronic force constant, stronger than the fine structure constant by (137/√3) times Proton mass is expressed in terms of muonic mass building-blocks. Analysis of the magnetic moment allows substructure modelling, incorporating 2 grades of triplets. Creation of these component parts is described in terms of action-integrals. The gluon field energy holding the triplets together is related to total energy. Uniqueness of electromagnetic charge is attributed to a governing action principle. Finally, a neutron model has been proposed, consisting of a proton core orbited by a heavy-electron. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0048 17 Aug 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1008.0048v1
title: A Model of the Muon
authors: R. Wayte
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 17 Aug 2010
abstract: A geometrical/mechanical model of the muon has been developed based on a previous detailed model of the electron and the fine structure constant. The anomalous magnetic moment and lifetime have been calculated in terms of muon component parts. Known features of the tauon have also been related to the muon. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0047 17 Aug 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1008.0047v1
title: A Model of Charmonium
authors: R. Wayte
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 17 Aug 2010
abstract: A geometrical/mechanical model of charmonium has been developed, based on the logarithmic confinement potential. The quark and antiquark pair orbit around the centre of mass, with their gluon and colour fields contained within a torus structure of characteristic radius. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0046 17 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0046v1
title: Doppler Shift Reveals Light Speed Variation
authors: Stephan J. G. Gift
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 17 Aug 2010
abstract: Light speed variation relative to a moving observer occurring according to classical velocity composition is demonstrated using Doppler Shift. This directly contradicts the light speed invariance postulate of special relativity and confirms ether drift. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0045 16 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0045v1
title: Transition of Expansion Acceleration of the Universe Through Negative Mass
authors: Hyoyoung Choi
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 16 Aug 2010
abstract: This letter explains that density of positive mass and negative mass is almost uniformly throughout the whole universe, but density of positive mass and negative mass included in a random universe radius R can be different from each other. Like this, positive, zero, negative values of total gravitational potential energy are all possible due to density difference of positive mass and negative mass included in a random universe radius R. This letter is showing possibility in explaining the decelerating expansion and accelerating expansion due to density difference of positive mass and negative mass because negative mass and positive mass conducts different forms of movement depending on the density difference of positive mass and negative mass. As change of total gravitational potential energy sign occurs from UT=0 and total gravitational potential energy oscillates based on 0. This provides valid explanation regarding to the problems of the atness of the universe and fine tuning. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0044 16 Aug 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1008.0044v1
title: Degrees of Freedom: a Correction to Chi Square for Physical Hypotheses
authors: John Michael Williams
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 16 Aug 2010
abstract: In common practice, degrees of freedom (df) may be corrected for the number of theoretical free parameters as though parameters were the same as data categories. However, a free physical parameter generally is not equivalent to a data category in terms of goodness of the fit. Here we use synthetic, nonrandom data to show the effect of choice of categorization and df on goodness of fit. We then explain the origin of the df problem and show how to avoid it in a three-step process: First, the theoretical curve is fit to the data to remove its variance, leaving what, under the null hypothesis, should be structureless residuals. Second, the residuals are fit by a set of orthogonal polynomials up to the degree, should it occur, at which significant variance was removed. Third, the number of nonsignificant polynomial terms in the original + orthogonal set become the df in a standard chi square test. This process reduces a general df problem to one of polynomial df and allows goodness of a fit to be determined by data categorization and significance level alone. An example is given of an evaluation of physical data on neutrino oscillation. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0043 16 Aug 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1008.0043v1
title: Differentiable Structures on Real Grassmannians
authors: Jeidsan A. C. Pereira
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 16 Aug 2010
abstract: Given a vector space V of dimension n and a natural number k < n, the grassmannian G_k(V) is defined as the set of all subspaces W ⊂ V such that dim(W) = k. In the case of V = Rⁿ, G_k(V) is the set of k-fl ats in Rⁿ and is called real grassmannian [1]. Recently the study of these manifolds has found applicability in several areas of mathematics, especially in Modern Differential Geometry and Algebraic Geometry. This work will build two differential structures on the real grassmannian, one of which is obtained as a quotient space of a Lie group [1], [3], [2], [7] ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0042 13 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0042v2
title: An Interpretation of the Laws of Gravity and Inertia
authors: Giuliano Bettini
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 13 Aug 2010
abstract: Ideas on a source of inertia from fixed stars have crossed Physics least Mach onwards. Equations "Maxwell-like" for gravitation and inertia were obtained by several authors as a subspecies of the simplified theory of General Relativity. A precursor was Dennis Sciama. Introducing a four-potential, I submit here a tentative interpretation of our laws about gravity and inertia, in complete analogy with electromagnetism. In classical mechanics is not introduced, usually, a four potential. The field produced by this four-potential describes both gravitational and inertial forces. Admit the gauge transformation on potential is equivalent to enunciate the equivalence principle, and vice versa. Inertial forces (ex. Coriolis force) are interpreted as a field action. All the inertia is interpreted as a field action. The physical presence of this field seems to be a fact, even more concrete the usual admission of inertial "fictitious forces". ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0042 12 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0042v1
title: An Interpretation of the Laws of Gravity and Inertia
authors: Giuliano Bettini
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 12 Aug 2010
abstract: Ideas on a source of inertia from fixed stars have crossed Physics least Mach onwards. Equations "Maxwell-like" for gravitation and inertia were obtained by several authors as a subspecies of the simplified theory of General Relativity. A precursor was Dennis Sciama. Introducing a four-potential, I submit here a tentative interpretation of our laws about gravity and inertia, in complete analogy with electromagnetism. In classical mechanics is not introduced, usually, a four potential. The field produced by this four-potential describes both gravitational and inertial forces. Admit the gauge transformation on potential is equivalent to enunciate the equivalence principle, and vice versa. Inertial forces (ex. Coriolis force) are interpreted as a field action. All the inertia is interpreted as a field action. The physical presence of this field seems to be a fact, even more concrete the usual admission of inertial "fictitious forces". ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0041 13 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0041v1
title: Problemes Avec et Sans... Problemes!
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 13 Aug 2010
abstract: Problems with and without... problems! ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0040 13 Aug 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1008.0040v1
title: Smarandache Hyper (∩, ∈)-Idealson Smarandache Hyper K-Algebras
authors: Kyung Ho Kim, Young Bae Jun, Eun Hwan Roh, Habib Harizavi
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 13 Aug 2010
abstract: We introduce the notion of a Smarandache hyper (∩, ∈)-ideal and Ω-reflexive in hyper K-algebra, and some related properties are given. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0039 13 Aug 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1008.0039v1
title: Divisibility Tests for Smarandache Semigroups
authors: AKS Chandra Sekhar Rao.
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 13 Aug 2010
abstract: Two Divisibility Tests for Smarandache semigroups are given . Further, the notion of divisibility of elements in a semigroup is applied to characterize the Smarandache semigroups. Examples are provided for justification. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0038 12 Aug 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1008.0038v1
title: Time Paradox, Zitterbewegung and Noncommutative Geometry
authors: Lawrence B. Crowell
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 12 Aug 2010
abstract: The zitterbewgung of the electron is associated with an intrinsic time for an electron, or any of the fermionic particles with mass such as quarks and leptons. In this article it is shown that a massless particle coupled to noncommutative coordinate geometry is subjected to a gauge-like force. This force acts to trap the massless particle in an orbit within a region. This bottled massless particle then has an induced mass. This is then argued to be tied to fundamental aspects of physics, such as a dynamical Higgs model, as well as strings and p-brane theory. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0037 12 Aug 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1008.0037v1
title: A Direct Proof of the Yff's Conjecture
authors: Marian Dincă
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 12 Aug 2010
abstract: In this paper it is given proof Yff's conjecture using convexity arguments. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0036 12 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0036v1
title: On the Distribution of Prime Numbers in the Intervals Defined by the Fibonacci Numbers
authors: J. S. Markovitch
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 12 Aug 2010
abstract: The number of primes in the inclusive intervals defined by consecutive Fibonacci numbers exhibits interesting behavior between the Fibonacci numbers 55 and 196418. Specifically, starting with the interval [55, 89] through the interval [121393,196418] the ratio of the number of primes in successive intervals is a value that alternates high, low, high, low, etc. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0035 12 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0035v1
title: One-Way Light Speed Determination Using the Range Measurement Equation of the GPS
authors: Stephan J. G. Gift
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 12 Aug 2010
abstract: The one-way speed of light is determined using the range measurement equation of the Global Positioning System. This equation has been rigorously and extensively tested and verified in the Earth-Centred Inertial frame, a frame that moves with the Earth as it revolves around the Sun but does not share its rotation. The result is a simple demonstration of one-way light speed anisotropy depending on the direction of propagation relative to the rotating Earth that contradicts the principle of light speed constancy. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0034 11 Aug 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1008.0034v1
title: Rural Migration a Significant Cause of Urbanization: a District Level Review of Census Data for Rajasthan
authors: Jayant Singh, Hansraj Yadav, Florentin Smarandache
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 11 Aug 2010
abstract: Migration plays an important role in urbanization of a state. In general more the migration higher the urbanization rate though it many not necessarily true in all the situations but in general it is witnessed that migration have a fairly large share in urbanization. A district level analysis for Rajasthan state is attempted to comprehend Urbanization due to migration their interlinkages and association. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0033 11 Aug 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1008.0033v1
title: Urbanization Due to Migration: a District Level Analysis of Migrants from Different Distances for the Rajasthan State
authors: Jayant Singh, Hansraj Yadav, Florentin Smarandache
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 11 Aug 2010
abstract: People migrate to different distances and there migration is governed by different reasons. Distance of place of migration plays an important role in the migration process and an analysis based on the remoteness of the origin and destination will reveal the push and pull factors in more explicit way. However, a common phenomenon is that people do migrate to a longer distance with a more focused objective and there propensity to settle in urban areas is always higher than the small distance migration. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0032 11 Aug 2010 Data Structures and Algorithms reference: viXra:1008.0032v1
title: A Unit Based Crashing Pert Network for Optimization of Software Project Cost
authors: Priti Singh, Florentin Smarandache, Dipti Chauhan, Amit Bhaghel
category: Data Structures and Algorithms
type: submission
date: 11 Aug 2010
abstract: Crashing is a process of expediting project schedule by compressing the total project duration. It is helpful when managers want to avoid incoming bad weather season. However, the downside is that more resources are needed to speed-up a part of a project, even if resources may be withdrawn from one facet of the project and used to speed-up the section that is lagging behind. Moreover, that may also depend on what slack is available in a non-critical activity, thus resources can be reassigned to critical project activity. Hence, utmost care should be taken to make sure that appropriate activities are being crashed and that diverted resources are not causing needless risk and project scope integrity. In this paper we want to present a technique called "Unit Crashing" to reduce the total cost of project. Unit Crashing means to crash the project duration by one unit (day) instead of crashing it completely. This technique uses an iterative approach to perform unit crashing until all activities along the critical path are crashed by desired amount. The output of this method will reduce the cost of project, and is useful at places where cost is of major consideration. Crashing PERT networks can save a significant amount of money in crashing and overrun costs of a company. Even if there are no direct costs in the form of penalties for late completion of projects, there is likely to be intangible costs because of reputation damage. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0031 11 Aug 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1008.0031v1
title: Another Proof of a Theorem Relative to the Orthological Triangles
authors: Ion Pătraşcu, Florentin Smarandache
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 11 Aug 2010
abstract: In [1] we proved, using barycentric coordinates, the following theorem ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0030 11 Aug 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1008.0030v1
title: Proof Wolstenholme-Lenhard Ciclic Inequality for Real Numbers and L.fejes Tóth Conjecture
authors: Marian Dincă
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 11 Aug 2010
abstract: In this paper an elementary proof of the Wolstenholme-Lenhard ciclic inequality for real numbers and L.Fejes T&oactute;th conjecture( equivalent by Erdis-Mordell inequality for polygon) is given, using a remarcable identity We give the following: ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0029 11 Aug 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1008.0029v1
title: Planetary Spin ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )
authors: Nainan K. Varghese
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 11 Aug 2010
abstract: A part of central force between planetary and central bodies cause their spin motions. All bodies in planetary systems develop mean accelerating spin motion. Depending on their orbital parameters, planets and central bodies may spin in forward direction, rearward direction or, in rare cases, may have no spin motion at all. All bodies in a planetary system tend to spin in their common orbital plane. Angular accelerations of orbiting bodies continue indefinitely until their high spin speeds cause disintegration of planets and planetary system. In a planetary system, consistency of body-matter and radial size of a body determine relative spin speeds at different parts of its body. Equatorial region of all very large bodies spin faster than their polar region or regions towards their spin-axes. Lengthening of (terrestrial) solar days, presently misinterpreted as slowing down of earth's spin motion, is the result of insufficient compensation to earth's apparent spin motion about the sun. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0028 10 Aug 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1008.0028v1
title: Symmetrically Reproducing Quark and Lepton Mass and Charge
authors: J. S. Markovitch
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 10 Aug 2010
abstract: It is shown that a particle set possessing electric charges and masses that coincide with those of the quarks and leptons can be produced with the aid of the symmetry of the cuboctahedron. Specifically, it is shown that small powers of 4.1 are useful in economically reproducing the quark and lepton masses, and that these powers - and thereby the masses they represent - can be joined automatically with their correct values for electric charge with the aid of cuboctahedral symmetry. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0027 10 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0027v1
title: Conformal Gauge Relativity on the Geometrical Unification of Gravitation and Gauge Fields
authors: Juan Andrés Musante Apolo
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 10 Aug 2010
abstract: A Lagrangian depending on geometric variables (metric, affine connection, gauge group generators) is given which maintains compatibility with General Relativity. It generates the dynamics for Electromagnetism and other Gauge Fields along with Gravitation, at the time it gives a geometric foundation for the stress-energy tensor of continuous matter. The geometric-invariance principle under this integration is exposed and the resulting field equations are obtained. The theory is developed over the tangent space of a four-dimensional real manifold and the generators become those from the Homogenous Lorentz group. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0026 15 Aug 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1008.0026v2
title: Threat Assessment of a Possible Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device Using DSmT
authors: Jean Dezert, Florentin Smarandache
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: replacement
date: 15 Aug 2010
abstract: This paper presents the solution about the threat of a VBIED (Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device) obtained with the DSmT (Dezert-Smarandache Theory). This problem has been proposed recently to the authors by Simon Maskell and John Lavery as a typical illustrative example to try to compare the different approaches for dealing with uncertainty for decision-making support. The purpose of this paper is to show in details how a solid justified solution can be obtained from DSmT approach and its fusion rules thanks to a proper modeling of the belief functions involved in this problem. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0026 10 Aug 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1008.0026v1
title: Threat Assessment of a Possible Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device Using DSmT
authors: Jean Dezert, Florentin Smarandache
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: submission
date: 10 Aug 2010
abstract: This paper presents the solution about the threat of a VBIED (Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device) obtained with the DSmT (Dezert-Smarandache Theory). This problem has been proposed recently to the authors by Simon Maskell and John Lavery as a typical illustrative example to try to compare the different approaches for dealing with uncertainty for decision-making support. The purpose of this paper is to show in details how a solid justified solution can be obtained from DSmT approach and its fusion rules thanks to a proper modeling of the belief functions involved in this problem. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0025 12 Aug 2010 Functions and Analysis reference: viXra:1008.0025v2
title: Survey on Singularities and Differential Algebras of Generalized Functions :A Basic Dichotomic Sheaf Theoretic Singularity Test
authors: Elemér E Rosinger
category: Functions and Analysis
type: replacement
date: 12 Aug 2010
abstract: It is shown how the infinity of differential algebras of generalized functions is naturally subjected to a basic dichotomic singularity test regarding their significantly different abilities to deal with large classes of singularities. In this respect, a review is presented of the way singularities are dealt with in four of the infinitely many types of differential algebras of generalized functions. These four algebras, in the order they were introduced in the literature are : the nowhere dense, Colombeau, space-time foam, and local ones. And so far, the first three of them turned out to be the ones most frequently used in a variety of applications. The issue of singularities is naturally not a simple one. Consequently, there are different points of view, as well as occasional misunderstandings. In order to set aside, and preferably, avoid such misunderstandings, two fundamentally important issues related to singularities are pursued. Namely, 1) how large are the sets of singularity points of various generalized functions, and 2) how are such generalized functions allowed to behave in the neighbourhood of their point of singularity. Following such a two fold clarification on singularities, it is further pointed out that, once one represents generalized functions - thus as well a large class of usual singular functions - as elements of suitable differential algebras of generalized functions, one of the main advantages is the resulting freedom to perform globally arbitrary algebraic and differential operations on such functions, simply as if they did not have any singularities at all. With the same freedom from singularities, one can perform globally operations such as limits, series, and so on, which involve infinitely many generalized functions. The property of a space of generalized functions of being a flabby sheaf proves to be essential in being able to deal with large classes of singularities. The first and third type of the mentioned differential algebras of generalized functions are flabby sheaves, while the second type fails to be so. The fourth type has not yet been studied in this regard. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0025 9 Aug 2010 Functions and Analysis reference: viXra:1008.0025v1
title: Survey on Singularities and Differential Algebras of Generalized Functions :A Basic Dichotomic Sheaf Theoretic Singularity Test
authors: Elemér E Rosinger
category: Functions and Analysis
type: submission
date: 9 Aug 2010
abstract: It is shown how the infinity of differential algebras of generalized functions is naturally subjected to a basic dichotomic singularity test regarding their significantly different abilities to deal with large classes of singularities. In this respect, a review is presented of the way singularities are dealt with in four of the infinitely many types of differential algebras of generalized functions. These four algebras, in the order they were introduced in the literature are : the nowhere dense, Colombeau, space-time foam, and local ones. And so far, the first three of them turned out to be the ones most frequently used in a variety of applications. The issue of singularities is naturally not a simple one. Consequently, there are different points of view, as well as occasional misunderstandings. In order to set aside, and preferably, avoid such misunderstandings, two fundamentally important issues related to singularities are pursued. Namely, 1) how large are the sets of singularity points of various generalized functions, and 2) how are such generalized functions allowed to behave in the neighbourhood of their point of singularity. Following such a two fold clarification on singularities, it is further pointed out that, once one represents generalized functions - thus as well a large class of usual singular functions - as elements of suitable differential algebras of generalized functions, one of the main advantages is the resulting freedom to perform globally arbitrary algebraic and differential operations on such functions, simply as if they did not have any singularities at all. With the same freedom from singularities, one can perform globally operations such as limits, series, and so on, which involve infinitely many generalized functions. The property of a space of generalized functions of being a flabby sheaf proves to be essential in being able to deal with large classes of singularities. The first and third type of the mentioned differential algebras of generalized functions are flabby sheaves, while the second type fails to be so. The fourth type has not yet been studied in this regard. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0024 9 Aug 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1008.0024v1
title: Hydrodynamics of the Rotating Spherical Matter Fields and Atomic Structure
authors: Ibrahim Mutlay
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 9 Aug 2010
abstract: Atomic structure model was proposed as a rotating stratified fl uidic matter field with the particles corresponded to solitary waves in the field. Mathematical formulation of the proposed structure was constructed on the model of thermal convection in rotating spherical shells of conducting fluids using magnetohydrodynamic Navier-Stokes Equations. Acceleration term was derived using Coulomb potential. Novel model showed that internal structure of atoms is subjected to complex fluid dynamics. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0023 9 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0023v2
title: Lorentz Contraction of Space and the Gravitational Field
authors: Morgan D. Rosenberg
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 9 Aug 2010
abstract: By considering the gravitational field as an optical medium with a radially-dependent index of refraction, we are able to show that a physical model of space being radially compressed by mass, rather than curved by mass, as in general relativity, yields the same results predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity. We are further able to show that this spatial compression is equivalent to the Lorentz contraction of special relativity. The predictions of general relativity are all derived with relatively basic mathematics without reliance on the grossly complex Riemannian geometry needed for Einstein's curved space-time model. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0023 8 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0023v1
title: Lorentz Contraction of Space and the Gravitational Field
authors: Morgan D. Rosenberg
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 8 Aug 2010
abstract: By considering the gravitational field as an optical medium with a radially-dependent index of refraction, we are able to show that a physical model of space being radially compressed by mass, rather than curved by mass, as in general relativity, yields the same results predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity. We are further able to show that this spatial compression is equivalent to the Lorentz contraction of special relativity. The predictions of general relativity are all derived with relatively basic mathematics without reliance on the grossly complex Riemannian geometry needed for Einstein's curved space-time model. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0022 8 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0022v1
title: A Short Algebraic Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem
authors: Morgan D. Rosenberg
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 8 Aug 2010
abstract: Presented herein is a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, which is not only short (relative to Wiles' 109 page proof), but is also performed using relatively elementary mathematics. Particularly, the binomial theorem is utilized, which was known in the time of Fermat (as opposed to the elliptic curves of Wiles' proof, which belong to modern mathematics). Using the common integer expression aⁿ + bⁿ = cⁿ for Fermat's Last Theorem, the substitutions c = b+i and b = a+j are made, where i and j are integers. Using a Taylor expansion (i.e., in the form of the binomial theorem), Fermat's Last Theorem reduces to (see paper) and what remains to be proven, from this equation, is that (see paper) only has rational solutions for n=1 and n=2. This proof is presented herein, thus proving that aⁿ + bⁿ = cⁿ only has integer solutions for a, b and c for integer values of the exponent n=1 or n=2. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0021 8 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0021v1
title: The Philosophy Error of the "Almost Prime"
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 8 Aug 2010
abstract: Don't confuse quantitative change and qualitative change. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0020 7 Aug 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1008.0020v1
title: A Family of Estimators for Estimating Population Mean in Stratified Sampling Under Non-Response
authors: Manoj K. Chaudhary, Rajesh Singh, Rakesh K. Shukla, Mukesh Kumar, Florentin Smarandache
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 7 Aug 2010
abstract: Khoshnevisan et al. (2007) proposed a general family of estimators for population mean using known value of some population parameters in simple random sampling. The objective of this paper is to propose a family of combined-type estimators in stratified random sampling adapting the family of estimators proposed by Khoshnevisan et al. (2007) under non-response. The properties of proposed family have been discussed. We have also obtained the expressions for optimum sample sizes of the strata in respect to cost of the survey. Results are also supported by numerical analysis. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0019 7 Aug 2010 Linguistics reference: viXra:1008.0019v1
title: Russian Alphabet: Message to Slavs
authors: Valery P. Dmitriyev
category: Linguistics
type: submission
date: 7 Aug 2010
abstract: Russian letters have ancient names which add up to a meaningful text following the alphabet acrophony. The second half of this text, known as Message to Slavs, calls for a translation into modern language, and its interpretation is, generally speaking, ambiguous. The recently accepted translation sounds pompous and perhaps somewhat sanctimonious. Below I give an alternative interpretation of the message's second part, that is formed of sensual images, and someone may see it as scabrous. However that may be, I proceed from the assumption that our ancestors were more honest in their emotions than today's coprolalics. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0018 9 Aug 2010 History and Philosophy of Physics reference: viXra:1008.0018v1
title: Time Travel: Some Science of Fiction
authors: John Michael Williams
category: History and Philosophy of Physics
type: submission
date: 9 Aug 2010
abstract: The fiction of time-travel usually makes it paradoxical and therefore impossible beyond physics. A few physical postulates, however, can make time-travel merely impossible physically. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0017 8 Aug 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1008.0017v1
title: Why We Should Favor Heavier Vehicles for Highway Driving
authors: John Michael Williams
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 8 Aug 2010
abstract: Elementary calculations show that the mass of the passenger's vehicle should have an important influence on risk of injury, greater mass yielding greater protection independent of the other mass(es) in the collision. This holds for collisions treated either as purely elastic, or as quasi-inelastic. Passengers in more massive vehicles thus would seem better off no matter what the size or weight of other vehicle(s) in a collision. The approximations used suggest that highway vehicles should be at least 20 times the mass of the average passenger, or injuries in a collision will be disproportionately grave. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0016 7 Aug 2010 Chemistry reference: viXra:1008.0016v1
title: On the Limit for the Periodic Table of the Elements
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Chemistry
type: submission
date: 7 Aug 2010
abstract: It has been proved that the 5g = 18 is unstable, the heaviest element that occurs naturally is uranium with an atomic number of 92 and the island of stability does not exist using the modified Pauli principle. This is the Book proof. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0015 6 Aug 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1008.0015v1
title: Arithmetic Information in Particle Mixing
authors: M. D. Sheppeard
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 6 Aug 2010
abstract: The mutually unbiased bases of quantum information theory are used to study the MNS and CKM mixing matrices. The resulting mixing matrix parameterisation requires only three real parameters, and is thus potentially more constraining than those in current use. We also discuss related results from MINOS and Fermilab. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0014 6 Aug 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1008.0014v1
title: A New Proof Viorel Vîjîitu Inequality
authors: Marian Dincă
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 6 Aug 2010
abstract: In the paper given new proof the inequality using convex function ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0013 6 Aug 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1008.0013v1
title: Generalisation of the Inequalities Proposed I.m.o. Madrid 2008 and India-International Mathematical Olympiad Training Camp2010
authors: Marian Dincă
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 6 Aug 2010
abstract: In the paper given generalisation inequalities using Lagrange identity. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0012 7 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0012v2
title: Time Relativity a Model for Relative Time
authors: Michael Devine
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 7 Aug 2010
abstract: We introduce a new relativistic model of the universe in which the time of an observer is precisely defined relative to all other observers. Within this redefinition of time, light is considered to propagate in a single instant, while still appearing to be traveling at an invariable constant speed c to any observer who fails to perceive time across distances. The intuitive correctness of the new model is presented, and it is shown to properly account for historical experiments related to light and measurements of c. Built from the ground up to match the predictions of special relativity, the new model of "Time Relativity" is shown to display the same relativistic effects. We prove this by deriving the Lorentz transformation as a direct consequence of the theory's hypothesis. We discuss the startling possible consequences of accepting the model as an accurate description of our reality. Finally, we present the beginnings of a time-relativistic explanation of quantum mechanical observations of light as seen in the double-slit experiment, suggesting a possible role for Time Relativity in leading to a unified theory. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0012 5 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0012v1
title: Time Relativity a Model for Relative Time
authors: Michael Devine
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 5 Aug 2010
abstract: We introduce a new relativistic model of the universe in which the time of an observer is precisely defined relative to all other observers. Within this redefinition of time, light is considered to propagate in a single instant, while still appearing to be traveling at an invariable constant speed c to any observer who fails to perceive time across distances. The intuitive correctness of the new model is presented, and it is shown to properly account for historical experiments related to light and measurements of c. Built from the ground up to match the predictions of special relativity, the new model of "Time Relativity" is shown to display the same relativistic effects. We prove this by deriving the Lorentz transformation as a direct consequence of the theory's hypothesis. We discuss the startling possible consequences of accepting the model as an accurate description of our reality. Finally, we present the beginnings of a time-relativistic explanation of quantum mechanical observations of light as seen in the double-slit experiment, suggesting a possible role for Time Relativity in leading to a unified theory. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0011 5 Aug 2010 History and Philosophy of Physics reference: viXra:1008.0011v1
title: Reflections on an Asymmetry on the Occasion of Arnold's Passing Away ...
authors: Elemér E Rosinger
category: History and Philosophy of Physics
type: submission
date: 5 Aug 2010
abstract: Keeping silent by authorities in science about breakthroughs made by less well known scientists creates a massively asymmetric situation which is to the detriment of science. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0010 5 Aug 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1008.0010v1
title: Planetary Orbits ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )
authors: Nainan K. Varghese
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 5 Aug 2010
abstract: In any system of bodies, relativistic considerations can provide only those parameters of the constituent bodies, which are related to their relative positions. Use of a reference frame, related to a static central body, causes a planetary orbit to appear as closed geometrical figure around the central body. As the central body, itself is a moving body, this does not reflect physical reality. Although they help to explain apparent phenomena, all properties attributed to elliptical/circular planetary orbital path are unreal. Real physical actions are restricted to real entities and they have to be understood with reference to an absolute reference. Since, elliptical shape of a planetary orbit is an imaginary aspect; it has its limitations to explain real actions in nature. Due to constant motions of free bodies in space, it is practically impossible for a free body to orbit around another. However, they may orbit about each other and follow a common median path in space. Mechanism of orbit-formation and the limitations of orbiting bodies, described in this article, are based on a radically different dynamics from an alternative concept put forward in 'Hypothesis on MATTER'. A planet's parameters, during initial entry into its datum orbit, determine size and eccentricity of its apparent orbit. Only those bodies, which approach the central body from the rear, on the outer side of its curved path, through a small window in space can form stable orbits. Hence, it is imperative that all bodies of a planetary system orbit in the same sense and are (almost) in the same plane. Perihelion/aphelion of an orbital path could be anywhere in the orbit, but the point at which the orbiting body has its highest/lowest linear speeds are fixed in relation to the central body's path. All natural planets, whose perihelion are in front of their point of entry; arrive from outside the planetary system. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0009 5 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0009v1
title: An Expansion Theory of the Universe with no Dark Matter and no Dark Energy
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 5 Aug 2010
abstract: In this paper we find a new gravitational formula: F-bar = -mc²/R = and establish an expansion theory of the universe with no dark matter and no dark energy ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0008 31 Aug 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1008.0008v2
title: What Causes the Mass to be Deficit Inside a Nucleus?
authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: replacement
date: 31 Aug 2010
abstract: Mass of an object varies with the change in volume of the object. Mass of a gas nebula will increase when it collapses to form a neutron star or black hole. The cause for an object to exhibit the deficit in mass is the increase in the amount of space in which the particles of that object were occupied. Gas nebula will have more deficit in mass compared to the neutron star formed from the same amount of material. Avogadro number, which establishes a relationship between the mass and the number of atoms within an object, is a baseless notion. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0008 4 Aug 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1008.0008v1
title: What Causes the Mass to be Deficit Inside a Nucleus?
authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 4 Aug 2010
abstract: Deficit of mass is a change in the physical characteristics of an object. What corresponding changes, if any, in the nucleus represents the observed deficit in mass? ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0007 4 Aug 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1008.0007v1
title: The Derivation of the Fine Structure Constant
authors: Richard B. Dowd
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 4 Aug 2010
abstract: A derivation of the fine structure constant by deduction ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0006 4 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0006v1
title: The Philosophy Error of the Proposition "9+9"~"1+2"
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 4 Aug 2010
abstract: The method of the quantitative change can not solve the problem of the qualitative change. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0005 3 Aug 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1008.0005v1
title: The Weight Change of a Body in Connection with the Electrical Tension
authors: H.-J. Hochecker
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 3 Aug 2010
abstract: I stick metal foil on an a 1 square meter large and 10 kilograms heavy dielectric so that a condenser is build. By putting a tension of 10 kV on the condenser or by short-circuiting it I measure a real reduction of the weight of about 0.1 grams each time. This result confirms my theoretical conclusion which says that the weight of a body is related with the movements of its charges (protons and electrons). Keywords: Gravitation, movement of electrical charges, relativity ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0004 3 Aug 2010 Quantitative Biology reference: viXra:1008.0004v1
title: Methods in Environmental Biotechnology for Environmentalists
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, S. R. Kannan, S. Ramathilagam
category: Quantitative Biology
type: submission
date: 3 Aug 2010
abstract: The study of environmental pollution by chemicals used in agriculture as pesticide or as fertilizers or pollution caused by industries and chemical plants which use chemicals have not been analysed systematically. This book has five chapters. First chapter is introductory in nature. Here we just study chemical pollution caused by garment industries in chapter two of this book using fuzzy associative memories. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0003 2 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1008.0003v1
title: Why Shamir and Fox Did not Detect "Aether Wind" in 1969?
authors: V.V. Demjanov
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 2 Aug 2010
abstract: Up to 1960ies the measurement of the aether wind velocity by the technology of Michelson presumed that a medium placed across the path of light rays has no substantial significance (except as being an obstacle) for obtaining the expected shift of the interference fringe from the brought together orthogonal rays on the interference of the turnabout device. In 1960ties several authors began independent research on the Michelson-type interferometers with different optical media used as light carriers. J.Shamir and R.Fox declared "negative" the results of their measurements on the plexiglas (though they registered the fringe shift 1/3000 fraction of the fringe's width and determined the respective velocity of aether wind 6.5 km/s). The authors considered this result as "enhancing the experimental basis of special relativity", and their report has been published. My results of same years appeared to be positive. I managed to register on gaseous, liquid and solid optically transparent bodies hundred times greater relative shifts of the fringe (0.01-5.0) giving for horizontal projection of the aether wind velocity the value hundreds km/s. At different times of day and night at the latitude of Obninsk city I registered the changing of this velocity in the interval 140-480 km/s. Insofar as my results "weaken the experimental basis of special relativity", their publication is still refused. I will show in the present report, basing on my experimental experience, that in reality Shamir and Fox obtained positive results. The historical precedence of misunderstanding the positive measurements of aether wind of the order 200-400 km/s, performed by Michelson and Miller in 1920-1930ies at lengthened to 32 m air light carriers, described by me in arXiv:0910.5658v3, 24 June 2010, repeated in the work by Shamir and Fox. Misunderstood was another artifact, manifesting itself in an interferometer with a solid light carrier. In the current work, I explain the nature of this artifact, hiding from Shamir and Fox their experimental success in detecting the aether wind velocity of hundreds km/s. I discussed also the inadequacy of their own interpretation of the results. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0002 9 Aug 2010 Economics and Finance reference: viXra:1008.0002v2
title: The Emerging Clan Capitalism in the World
authors: V. Christianto
category: Economics and Finance
type: replacement
date: 9 Aug 2010
abstract: In the present article a number of critical economics situations are discussed based on clan capitalism as starting point. One can see clearly then, that instead of assuming 'ordinary economy' and clan/crony capitalism is an exception in particular nation because of certain socio-historical context, one should begin with the opposite assumption instead: that can capitalism can be found almost everywhere in this planet. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0002 1 Aug 2010 Economics and Finance reference: viXra:1008.0002v1
title: The Emerging Clan Capitalism in the World
authors: V. Christianto
category: Economics and Finance
type: submission
date: 1 Aug 2010
abstract: In the present article a number of critical economics situations are discussed based on clan capitalism as starting point. One can see clearly then, that instead of assuming 'ordinary economy' and clan/crony capitalism is an exception in particular nation because of certain socio-historical context, one should begin with the opposite assumption instead: that can capitalism can be found almost everywhere in this planet. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0001 1 Aug 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1008.0001v1
title: The Theory About Infinity of Simple Numbers-Twins
authors: Valery Demidovich
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 1 Aug 2010
abstract: The work maintenance: attempt to solve a problem about definition of set of simple numbers-twins is made. In work absolutely new approach which is based on algorithm of a sieve of Eratosfena is applied. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0058 31 Jul 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1007.0058v1
title: Determination of Proton and Neutron Radii
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 31 Jul 2010
abstract: In note we calculate Proton and Neutron radii ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0057 31 Jul 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1007.0057v1
title: M-Theory (2)
authors: Min-Young Yun
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 31 Jul 2010
abstract: The problem of summing of like powers is completely solved by J. Bernoulli's polynomials. Apart from pure mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers appear prominently in perturbative quantum field theory. Here I present a way, using elementary Bernoulli numbers and Riemann zeta function and expanding mathematical meaning then, gain of another physical meaning. The behavior of smallest unit that creating from superstring and quark is indeterminate, but can be described as Unification Theory according to macroscopic-rules. So, it is easy to understand in all ages and countries, at any times and places. Newborns speak out the easiest word 'Mom' at the first time they speaking, which decided the title of the theory ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0056 22 Aug 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1007.0056v2
title: The Cyclotron Notebooks
authors: Philip Gibbs
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: replacement
date: 22 Aug 2010
abstract: The cyclotron note books are a collection of essays about fundamental physics and metaphysics. The central essay is about the principle of event-symmetric space-time, a new theory about how to do quantum gravity. The style is more technical in some parts than in others. Each essay can be read independently but if you find that one of them has terms which you don't understand you may find them explained in an earlier one. The later ones may be too difficult for the layman and even I don't understand the last one. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0056 31 Jul 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1007.0056v1
title: The Cyclotron Notebooks
authors: Philip Gibbs
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 31 Jul 2010
abstract: The cyclotron note books are a collection of essays about fundamental physics and metaphysics. The central essay is about the principle of event-symmetric space-time, a new theory about how to do quantum gravity. The style is more technical in some parts than in others. Each essay can be read independently but if you find that one of them has terms which you don't understand you may find them explained in an earlier one. The later ones may be too difficult for the layman and even I don't understand the last one. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0055 30 Jul 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1007.0055v1
title: A Model of the Electron
authors: R. Wayte
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 30 Jul 2010
abstract: A geometrical/mechanical model of the electron has been developed based on the measured fine structure constant, anomalous magnetic moment, and a solution of Einstein's equations of general relativity applied to electromagnetism. Properties such as charge, mass and spin have been explained from a classical viewpoint, and then α and μ calculated in agreement with experiment. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0054 11 Aug 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0054v2
title: Possibility to Explain Aether and Gravitational Wave from Electromagnetic-Dynamics Equations
authors: Yoshiro Nohara
category: Classical Physics
type: replacement
date: 11 Aug 2010
abstract: The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the equations for steady states, which satisfy both energy and force conservation laws. However, superpositions of the steady states often break those conservation laws, although the generalized Maxwell equations are kept. To study those cases, we derived electromagnetic-dynamics equations, which include the generalized Maxwell equations, energy and force conservation laws, and dynamics of scalar fields. These equations explain that the scalar fields may work as the aether propagating the electromagnetic wave, and scalar waves may work as the gravitational waves. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0054 30 Jul 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0054v1
title: Aether and Gravitational Wave from Electromagnetic-Dynamics Equations
authors: Yoshiro Nohara
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 30 Jul 2010
abstract: The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the equations for steady states, which satisfy both energy and force conservation laws. However, superpositions of the steady states often break those conservation laws, although the generalized Maxwell equations are kept. To study those cases, we derived electromagnetic-dynamics equations, which include the generalized Maxwell equations, energy and force conservation laws, and dynamics of scalar fields. These equations explain that the scalar fields work as the aether propagating the electromagnetic wave, scalar waves work as the gravitational waves, and how the electromagnetic waves advance along the way in the gravitational waves. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0053 30 Jul 2010 Linguistics reference: viXra:1007.0053v1
title: Russian Numerals: a Clue to Aryan Counting
authors: Valery P. Dmitriyev
category: Linguistics
type: submission
date: 30 Jul 2010
abstract: Russian numerals fit into a rhymed mnemonic verse. Almost exact correspondence to names of respective Greek letters and many parallels with Sanscrit, Greek, Latin, English and German numerals occur. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0052 30 Jul 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1007.0052v1
title: A Mathematical Model of the Quark and Lepton Mixing Angles
authors: J. S. Markovitch
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 30 Jul 2010
abstract: A single mathematical model encompassing both quark and lepton mixing is described. This model exploits the fact that when a 3×3 rotation matrix whose elements are squared is subtracted from its transpose, a matrix is produced whose non-diagonal elements have a common absolute value, where this value is an intrinsic property of the rotation matrix. For the traditional CKM quark mixing matrix with its second and third rows interchanged (i.e., c - t interchange), this value equals one-third the corresponding value for the leptonic matrix (roughly, 0.05 versus 0.15). By imposing this and two additional related constraints on mixing, and letting leptonic ϕ₂₃ be maximal, a framework is defined possessing just two free parameters. A mixing model is then specified using values for these two parameters that derive from the solution to a simple equation, where this solution also accurately reproduces the fine structure constant. The resultant model, which is entirely free from parameters adjusted to fit the mixing data, possesses the following angles θ₂₃ = 2.367442^◦, θ₁₃ = 0.190986^◦, θ₁₂ = 12.920966^◦, ϕ₂₃ = maximal, ϕ₁₃ = 0.013665^◦, and ϕ₁₂ = 33.210911^◦, which fit the experimental quark and lepton mixing angles. At the time of its introduction in 2007, this model had a 7.0σ disagreement with the value for |V_ub|, whereas a revised value for |V_ub| from the same source now yields a disagreement of just 1.6σ. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0051 29 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0051v1
title: On the Invariance of the Velocity of Light
authors: Bertrand Wong
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 29 Jul 2010
abstract: The Special Theory of Relativity postulates that the velocity of light would always be invariant at 186,000 miles per second at all inertial frames. The paper examines this aspect of the Theory. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0050 28 Jul 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1007.0050v1
title: Thermodynamic Foundations of General Relativity (The Primary Gas Representation of Particle-X)
authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 28 Jul 2010
abstract: The author after introducing the concept of the vean (vacuum energy absorption) process shows that it not only crystallizes the progressive nature of time but also causes gravitation and the red shift of light emitted by far off galaxies [1]. He now shows that the thermodynamics of the primary gas in a gravitational field leads to the principle of equivalence and to its field equations of general relativity. The curvature of the space-time is seen to emerge from the anisotropy of the fluctuations in the Higgs field in the neighborhood of a massive body arising from the vean process. According to him unlike the currently accepted interpretation of general relativity the gravitational field based on the vean process does not exhibit non-linearity. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0049 28 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0049v1
title: Goldbach' Conjecture (6): the Chinese Remainder Theorem and Goldbach' Primes
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 28 Jul 2010
abstract: By the Chinese Remainder Theorem, we can obtain Goldbach' Primes ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0048 28 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0048v1
title: Goldbach' Conjecture (5): When I=1~r, the P and N Are Incongruent Modulo P_i, the P is Goldbach' Primes
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 28 Jul 2010
abstract: When i=1~r, the p and N are incongruent modulo p_i, The p is Goldbach' Primes ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0047 20 Aug 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1007.0047v3
title: Using Gravitation to Emulate Electromagnetism.
authors: S. Halayka
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: replacement
date: 20 Aug 2010
abstract: The possibility of Universe-scale black holes living in closed 3D space of constant positive curvature was briefly considered in previous work. Further consideration of this possibility is given here. A possible link between gravitation and electromagnetism is discussed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0047 3 Aug 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1007.0047v2
title: Using Gravitation to Emulate Electromagnetism.
authors: S. Halayka
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: replacement
date: 3 Aug 2010
abstract: The possibility of Universe-scale black holes living in closed 3D space of constant positive curvature was briefly considered in previous work. Further consideration of this possibility is given here. A possible link between gravitation and electromagnetism is discussed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0047 28 Jul 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1007.0047v1
title: Using Gravitation to Emulate Electromagnetism.
authors: S. Halayka
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 28 Jul 2010
abstract: The possibility of Universe-scale black holes living in closed 3D space of constant positive curvature was briefly considered in previous work. Further consideration of this possibility is given here. A possible link between gravitation and electromagnetism is discussed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0046 27 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0046v1
title: Goldbach' Conjecture (4): the Expression of the Number of Goldbach' Primes
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 27 Jul 2010
abstract: Use the inclusion-exclusion to show that the expression of the number of Goldbach' Primes. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0045 27 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0045v1
title: Goldbach' Conjecture (3): Goldbach' Primes and Eratosthenes' Sieve Method
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 27 Jul 2010
abstract: By Eratosthenes' sieve method, we can obtain Goldbach' Primes. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0044 12 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0044v1
title: On Using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Three-Particle States for Superluminal Communication
authors: Raymond W Jensen
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 12 Jul 2010
abstract: Using a three-particle entangled system (triple), it is possible in principle to transmit signals faster than the speed of light from sender to receiver in the following manner: From an emitter, for every triple, particles 1 and 2 are sent to the receiver and 3 to the sender. The sender is given the choice of whether or not to measure polarization of particle 3. Meanwhile the receiver measures particle correlation vs. relative polarization angle for the polarizers of particles 1 and 2. The particle 1 and 2 correlation statistics depend on whether or not particle 3 polarization was measured, instantaneously. This dependence is a basis for faster-than-light communication. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0043 26 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0043v1
title: Special Theory of Relativity in Absolute Space and the Symmetric Twin Paradox ( on the Possibility of Absolute Motion )
authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya, Mabedle Donald Ngobeni
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 26 Jul 2010
abstract: Departing from the traditional case where one twin stays put while the other rockets into space, we consider the case of identically accelerated twins. Both twins depart at uniform relativistic speeds in opposite directions for a round trip from the Earth on their 21th birthday destined into space to some distant constellation that is a distance L₀ in the rest frame of the Earth. A "proper" application of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) tells us that the Earth bound observers will conclude that on the day of reunion, both twins must both have aged the same albeit their clocks (which where initially synchronized with that of the Earth bound observers) will have registered a duration less than that registered by the Earth bound observers. In the traditional twin paradox, it is argued that the stay at home twin will have aged more than the traveling twin and the asymmetry is attributed to the fact that the travelling twin's frame of reference is not an inertial reference frame during the periods of acceleration and deceleration making it illegal for the travelling twin to use the STR in their frame, thus "resolving" the paradox. This same argument does not hold in the case considered here as both twins will undergo identical experiences where each twin sees the other as the one that is in motion. This means, each twin must conclude that the other twin is the one that is younger. They will conclude that their ages must be numerically different, thus disagreeing with the Earth bound observers that their ages are the same. This leads us to a true paradox whose resolution is found in the deduction that motion must be absolute. We provide a thought-experiment on how to measure absolute motion. Through this thought-experiment, we extend the second postulate of the STR to include the direction of propagation of light, namely that not only is the speed of light the same for all observers, but the direction of propagation as-well. Succinctly, the speed of light along its direction of motion in the absolute frame of reference is the same for all observers in the Universe. In an effort to try and resolve the symmetric twin paradox, we set-forth a relativistic aether model, which at best can be described as the Special Theory of Relativity in Absolute Space. By recalibrating several experiments performed by other researchers in the past, we find that the Earth's speed through the aether is in the range 240 ± 80 kms^-1. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0042 26 Jul 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1007.0042v1
title: Universal Medium ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )
authors: Nainan K. Varghese
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 26 Jul 2010
abstract: Space is a functional entity, presupposed by rational beings, whenever real entities are envisaged. Being a functional entity, space has no structure or form. It can neither physically act nor is able to undergo physical actions. By realising a real entity that fills the entire space as an all-encompassing universal medium, the formless space can be replaced with a structured real entity. This real entity will have positive existence and at the same time, it can have all properties currently assigned to space or to other imaginary entities like; different types of aether, imaginary particles or various types of fields. No actions can be performed at a distance through empty space. An all-encompassing medium is essential to facilitate (apparent) physical actions between matter bodies at a distance. Aether, used in aether-theories is too vague and fails to describe many physical actions of matter bodies, logically. 'Hypothesis on MATTER' envisages an all-encompassing medium, which has only one type of real (postulated) constituent particles and definite properties. Envisaging a universal medium, as described in the concept, helps to logically explain all physical phenomena, related to matter. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0041 26 Jul 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0041v1
title: Electromagnetic Stealth with Parallel Electric and Magnetic Fields
authors: T. E. Raptis
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 26 Jul 2010
abstract: We analyze a theoretical example of parallel electric and magnetic fields in a hypothetical anisotropic medium with varying susceptibility. We deduce the polarization characteristics and we discuss the conditions under which this could be utilized in electromagnetic invisibility. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0040 4 Aug 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0040v2
title: Entropy and 'the Arrow of Time', a Love Story
authors: Constantinos Ragazas
category: Classical Physics
type: replacement
date: 4 Aug 2010
abstract: In this short note we offer a new definition of entropy and derive an interesting relationship between entropy and time. In light of this relationship, we show how The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be interpreted as saying that every physical process requires a lapse of time. In simple language, the Second Law says that 'everything happens over some positive time-interval'. This defines 'the arrow of time'. This understanding of entropy maintains the reciprocal relationship between entropy and temperature, makes entropy 'additive', and preserves the notion that entropy provides a measure of 'available energy' to do work. What does change, however, is the idea that entropy is a measure of disorder, and the Universe is doomed to thermal death. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0040 26 Jul 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0040v1
title: Entropy and 'the Arrow of Time', a Love Story
authors: Constantinos Ragazas
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 26 Jul 2010
abstract: In this short note we offer a new definition of entropy and derive an interesting relationship between entropy and time. In light of this relationship, we show how The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be interpreted as saying that every physical process requires a lapse of time. In simple language, the Second Law says that 'everything happens over some positive time-interval'. This defines 'the arrow of time'. This understanding of entropy maintains the reciprocal relationship between entropy and temperature, makes entropy 'additive', and preserves the notion that entropy provides a measure of 'available energy' to do work. What does change, however, is the idea that entropy is a measure of disorder, and the Universe is doomed to thermal death. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0039 25 Jul 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1007.0039v1
title: Can the Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field in Closed Space of Constant Positive Curvature?
authors: S. Halayka
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 25 Jul 2010
abstract: In earlier work, it was found that the edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance in at 2D and 3D space if the number of graph vertices is great enough. In this work, it is confirmed that the edges of a complete graph can also very nearly form a radially symmetric field in closed 2D and 3D space of constant positive curvature if the graph is small compared to the entirety of the space in which it lives and if the number of graph vertices is great enough. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0038 24 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0038v1
title: Michelson-Type Interferometer Operating at Effects of First Order with Respect to V/c
authors: V.V. Demjanov
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 24 Jul 2010
abstract:           More than hundred years the opinion persists that Michelson interferometer can not detect aether wind by effects of first order with respect to the ratio υ/c. Below there will be shown that the degenerations of the interfer-ometer's sensitivity to effects of first order can be lifted changing the traditional configurations of the device. My experiment demonstrated that a two-media device operating at effects of first order can reliably measure the shift of the interference fringe (and thus the speed of "aether wind"), and much more successfully than by Michelson interferometer operating at effects of second order. Unlike in the traditional approach, in the interferometer of first order light rays (after splitting at semi-transparent plate) propagate in both orthogonal arms to rebounding mirrors in a one optical medium (with the dielectric permittivity ε₁), and return after reflection to a plate re-uniting them for interference via another medium (with the dielectric permittivity ε₂). The shift of interference fringe is reliably registered (in rotation of the interferometer by 90^o) even at gas light carrying pairs with arm's length up to 1 m. With this the fringe shift appears to be proportional to υ/c and difference ε₁–ε₂.
          The experimental findings have been interpreted basing on classical scheme of ray optics by two methods: 1) with the Fresnel model of dragging light by moving optical medium neglecting terms quadratic in υ/c (including the Lorentz contraction of the longitudinal to v arm as quadratic with respect to υ/c), 2) with the classical theory of the frequency dispersion of moving dielectric media, supplemented by the accounting classical and relativistic Doppler effects describing translatory motion (with velocity v) of particles of interferometer light carriers in aether. From observations of the fringe shift on the interferometer of first order with respect to υ/c there was found (at the latitude of Obninsk) the change of the horizontal projection of the Earth's velocity relative to luminiferous aether in the limits 140<υ<480 km/s depending on the local time of the day and night. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0037 24 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0037v1
title: Goldbach' Conjecture (2): When the P is Congruent to N Modulo P_i, the P is not Goldbach' Primes
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 24 Jul 2010
abstract: When the p is congruent to N modulo p_i, the p is not Goldbach' Primes. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0036 24 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0036v1
title: Goldbach' Conjecture (1): Goldbach' Primes Are Symmetric Primes
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 24 Jul 2010
abstract: When n/2 + x and n/2 - x or y and y + (N-y) are primes, they are Goldbach' Primes. Put it another way, The Goldbach' Primes are symmetric primes. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0035 23 Jul 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1007.0035v1
title: A New Proof of an Inequality of Oppenheim
authors: Marian Dincă, J. L. Díaz-Barrero
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 23 Jul 2010
abstract: In this short note a new proof of a classical inequality involving the areas of a pair of triangles is presented. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0034 16 Aug 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1007.0034v2
title: On the Gini Mean Difference Arc-Lengths Test for Circular Data
authors: David D. Tung, S. Rao Jammalamadaka
category: Statistics
type: replacement
date: 16 Aug 2010
abstract: In this paper, we propose a new test of uniformity on the circle based on the Gini mean difference of the sample arc-lengths. These sample arc-lengths, which are the gaps between successive observations on the circumference of the circle, are analogous to sample spacings on the real line. The Gini mean difference, which compares these arc-lengths between themselves, is analogous to Rao's spacings statistic, which has been used to test the uniformity of circular data. We obtain both the exact and asymptotic distributions of the Gini mean difference arc-lengths test, under the null hypothesis of circular uniformity. We also provide a table of upper percentile values of the exact distribution for small to moderate sample sizes. Illustrative examples in circular data analysis are also given. It is shown that a generalized Gini mean difference test has better asymptotic efficiency than the corresponding generalized Rao's test in the sense of Pitman asymptotic relative efficiency. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0034 23 Jul 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1007.0034v1
title: On the Gini Mean Difference Arc-Lengths Test for Circular Data
authors: David D. Tung, S. Rao Jammalamadaka
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 23 Jul 2010
abstract: In this paper, we propose a new test of uniformity on the circle based on the Gini mean difference of the sample arc-lengths, i.e. the gaps between successive observations on the circumference of the circle. These sample arc-lengths are analogous to sample spacings, which are the gaps between successive observations on the real line. Such a Gini mean difference test is analogous to Rao's spacings test, which has been used to test the uniformity of circular data. We obtain both the exact and asymptotic distributions of the Gini mean difference arc-lengths test, under the null hypothesis of circular uniformity. We also provide a table of upper percentile values of the exact distribution for small to moderate sample sizes. Some examples of circular data analysis are also considered. It is also seen that the Gini mean difference arc-lengths tests is more asymptotically efficient than Rao's test in the sense of Pitman asymptotic relative efficiency. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0033 23 Aug 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0033v3
title: Universal Theory of Dimensionless Constants of Nature
authors: Mark A. Thomas
category: Mathematical Physics
type: replacement
date: 23 Aug 2010
abstract: An analytic structural approach to calculating dimensionless constants of Nature is presented which shows a direct relation between physics, and a number theoretic form involving transcendental forms and the Monster group. A development inherent in the consistency of the calculation leads to the deduction of the fine structure constant from pure mathematical structure. The fine structure constant is calculated as pure number in transcendental form 0.00729735256884151851344.... This lies within the margin of error of Gabrielse?s 2008 experimentally determined value 0.007297352569(5). An argument is made that the naturalness of the mathematical structure explains away the hierarchical mass scale problem of physics and that the structure could be core to the Standard Model with the inclusion of the gravitational gauge force. The universality of the approach is presented to show its reaching domain. If the forms and calculation are true the fine tuning argument of physics may be overturned. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0033 31 Jul 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0033v2
title: Universal Theory of Dimensionless Constants of Nature
authors: Mark A. Thomas
category: Mathematical Physics
type: replacement
date: 31 Jul 2010
abstract: An analytic structural approach to calculating dimensionless constants of Nature is presented which shows a direct relation between physics, and a number theoretic form involving transcendental forms and the Monster group. A development inherent in the consistency of the calculation leads to the deduction of the fine structure constant from pure mathematical structure. The fine structure constant is calculated as pure number in transcendental form 0.00729735256884151851344.... This lies within the margin of error of Gabrielse?s 2008 experimentally determined value 0.007297352569(5). An argument is made that the naturalness of the mathematical structure explains away the hierarchical mass scale problem of physics and that the structure could be core to the Standard Model with the inclusion of the gravitational gauge force. The universality of the approach is presented to show its reaching domain. If the forms and calculation are true the fine tuning argument of physics may be overturned. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0033 22 Jul 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0033v1
title: Universal Theory of Dimensionless Constants of Nature
authors: Mark A. Thomas
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 22 Jul 2010
abstract: An analytic structural approach to calculating dimensionless constants of Nature is presented which shows a direct relation between physics, and a number theoretic form involving transcendental forms and the Monster group. A development inherent in the consistency of the calculation leads to the deduction of the fine structure constant from pure mathematical structure. The fine structure constant is calculated as pure number in transcendental form 0.00729735256884151851344... This lies within the margin of error of Gabrielse?s 2008 experimentally determined value 0.007297352569(5). An argument is made that the naturalness of the mathematical structure explains away the hierarchical mass scale problem of physics and that the structure could be core to the Standard Model with the inclusion of the gravitational gauge force. The universality of the approach is presented to show its reaching domain. If the forms and calculation are true the fine tuning argument of physics may be overturned. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0032 21 Jul 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0032v1
title: Because there is Inertial and Gravitational Mass
authors: Raffaele Cogoni
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 21 Jul 2010
abstract: The matter in the universe, is equipped with inertial and gravitational mass and thus weight, this is due to the fact that interactions between bodies, traveling at a finite speed not exceeding that of light. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0031 19 Jul 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0031v1
title: A New Generic Class of Beltrami "Force-Free" Fields. Part-i: Theoretical Considerations
authors: T. E. Raptis
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 19 Jul 2010
abstract: We report on a new general class of solutions of the Beltrami equation, with special characteristics. We also provide examples of solutions that also satisfy Maxwell equations. A subset of these solutions can be isolated which corresponds to "gauge" fields. A special projective geometry of vacuum fields is also revealed and discussed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0030 19 Jul 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1007.0030v1
title: The Alpha Torque and Quantum Physics
authors: Zhiliang Cao, Henry Cao
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 19 Jul 2010
abstract: In the center of the universe, there isn't a super massive black hole or any specific energy holding the universe together. The source of this supposed energy is in the space itself. The space itself is not a complete void. In fact, space itself has a simple movement. This very movement dominates every aspect of physical existence. Nothing can exist without it. The movement is called the Torque. This theory can make it easier to understand Quantum Physics. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0029 13 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1007.0029v1
title: Super Linear Algebra
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: In this book, the authors introduce the notion of Super linear algebra and super vector spaces using the definition of super matrices defined by Horst (1963). This book expects the readers to be well-versed in linear algebra. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0028 13 Mar 2010 Social Science reference: viXra:1007.0028v1
title: Super Fuzzy Matrices and Super Fuzzy Models for Social Scientists
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, K. Amal
category: Social Science
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: The concept of supermatrix for social scientists was first introduced by Paul Horst. The main purpose of his book was to introduce this concept to social scientists, students, teachers and research workers who lacked mathematical training. He wanted them to be equipped in a branch of mathematics that was increasingly valuable for the analysis of scientific data. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0027 13 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1007.0027v1
title: Superbimatrices and Their Generalizations
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: The systematic study of supermatrices and super linear algebra has been carried out in 2008. These new algebraic structures find their applications in fuzzy models, Leontief economic models and data-storage in computers. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0026 17 Jul 2010 Nuclear and Atomic Physics reference: viXra:1007.0026v1
title: Using Simple Number Theory to Predict Stable Isotopes
authors: Sean C. Williams
category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
type: submission
date: 17 Jul 2010
abstract: An abstract method is described for predicting stable isotopes using simple number theory based on a system of predefined combinations, or "Blocks", of protons and neutrons. Each Block is made up of a prime number of protons, and a binary power increase in the number of neutrons. Predictions using the Block system fully includes all the stable isotopes. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0025 17 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0025v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (341)-(390)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 17 Jul 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (341)-(390) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0024 19 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0024v2
title: Verification of Cepheid Variable Distance Measurements Using Roxy's Ruler
authors: Bruce Rout
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 19 Jul 2010
abstract: There has been some controversy over the validation of using the period/luminosity relationship of Cepheid variables to measure the distance to galaxies[2]. We present here a statistical analysis of distance variations for 21 galaxies between Cepheid variables and Roxy's Ruler. The analysis shows there is no systemic error in Measurements to galaxies using Cepheid variables and that such measurements are valid within well defined degrees of error. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0024 16 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0024v1
title: Verification of Cepheid Variable Distance Measurements Using Roxy's Ruler
authors: Bruce Rout
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 16 Jul 2010
abstract: There has been some controversy over the validation of using the period/luminosity relationship of Cepheid variables to measure the distance to galaxies[2]. We present here a statistical analysis of distance variations for 21 galaxies between Cepheid variables and Roxy's Ruler. The analysis shows there is no systemic error in Measurements to galaxies using Cepheid variables and that such measurements are valid within well defined degrees of error. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0023 14 Jul 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1007.0023v1
title: Planck Constant Estimation Using Constant Period Relativistic Symmetric Oscillator
authors: J. Bar-Sagi
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 14 Jul 2010
abstract: The electromagnetic wave quantum-energy depends only on its frequency, not on the emitting system's radiation power. The proportionality constant between the frequency and the quantumenergy of the electromagnetic wave, the Planck's constant is in the essence of quantum mechanics. This constant is known experimentally but till now there was no clue for calculating its value on a theoretical basis. In the present work a methodology for calculating a lower bound for Planck's constant is presented, based on simple principles. In order to get a reasonable good lower bound it is necessary to have a model of a relativistic oscillator whose period is independent of its energy and which efficiently radiates electromagnetic energy. It is highly desired that the mathematics involved is simple enough to enable good insight into the results. Such a model can also be used for other investigations, and therefore, in this work a potential that conserves the vibration period of symmetric oscillators at relativistic velocities is found and analyzed. The electrically charged system of constant period is used to calculate a lower bound H_m of the Planck's constant h . The value of H_m is smaller than h by a factor very close to √3 . The explanation of this factor also explains the value of Planck's constant. From this value the fine structure constant value is calculated and a new interpretation of this constant obtained. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0022 13 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0022v5
title: Inertial Frame Error Discovery Derives Stellar Aberration and Paradox Free Special Relativity Via Huygens Principle.
authors: Peter Jackson, R K Nixey
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 13 Aug 2010
abstract: We uncover a relativistic error influencing physics at a critical moment. Refraction due to relative motion was considered from the wrong inertial frame by Lodge for his influential 1893 Stellar Aberration paper following Michelson&Morley's null result, the light path shown 'dragged' by the new medium.[1] Within the frame of a moving medium the lights path refracts back towards the normal, as in more dense media at rest. Jones's 1970 glass disks experiment repeated the error.[2] We show how in Special Relativity (SR) using the correct observer frame is essential, and how this erroneously 'disproved' Stokes M&M supported Ether Drag theory, engendering Lorentz's contraction and time functions. We test variations on Young's experiment, and consider the Huygens-Fresnel Principle[3] and implications on the interstellar medium and EM field potential. Through the Ewald-Oseen Extinction Theorem, interplanetary shocks and FM the SR postulates are confirmed, but a clarification emerges at Maxwell's field limits, allowing replacement of an assumption with a quantum mechanism. We find additional predictive powers and an improved ability to resolve anomalies and perceived paradox. New perspectives on Snell and Fermat arise from the model using Einsteins 1952 view that 'space' is actually; "infinitely many spaces in relative motion." ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0022 31 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0022v4
title: Inertial Frame Error Discovery Derives Stellar Aberration and Paradox Free Special Relativity Via Huygens Principle.
authors: Peter Jackson, R K Nixey
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 31 Jul 2010
abstract: We uncover a relativistic error influencing physics at a critical moment. Refraction due to relative motion was considered from the wrong inertial frame by Lodge for his influential 1893 Stellar Aberration paper following Michelson&Morley's null result, the light path shown 'dragged' by the new medium.[1] Within the frame of a moving medium the lights path refracts back towards the normal, as in more dense media at rest. Jones's 1970 glass disks experiment repeated the error.[2] We show how in Special Relativity (SR) using the correct observer frame is essential, and how this erroneously 'disproved' Stokes M&M supported Ether Drag theory, engendering Lorentz's contraction and time functions. We test variations on Young's experiment, and consider the Huygens-Fresnel Principle[3] and implications on the interstellar medium and EM field potential. Through the Ewald-Oseen Extinction Theorem, interplanetary shocks and FM the SR postulates are confirmed, but a clarification emerges at Maxwell's field limits, allowing replacement of an assumption with a quantum mechanism. We find additional predictive powers and an improved ability to resolve anomalies and perceived paradox. New perspectives on Snell and Fermat arise from the model using Einsteins 1952 view that 'space' is actually; "infinitely many spaces in relative motion." ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0022 26 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0022v3
title: Inertial Frame Error Discovery Derives Stellar Aberration and Paradox Free Special Relativity Via Huygens Principle.
authors: Peter Jackson, R K Nixey
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 26 Jul 2010
abstract: We uncover a relativistic error that influenced physics at a critical moment. Refraction due to relative motion was considered from the wrong inertial frame by Lodge for his influential 1893 Stellar Aberration paper following Michelson & Morley's null result, the light path shown 'dragged' by the new medium.[1] Within the frame of a moving medium the lights path refracts back towards the normal, as in more dense media at rest. Jones's 1970 glass disks experiment repeated the error.[2] We show how in Special Relativity (SR) using the correct observer frame is essential, and how this erroneously 'disproved' Stokes Ether Drag theory, supported by M&M, and lead to Lorentz's contraction and time functions. We test variations on Young's experiment, and consider, non-technically, implications on and relationship with SR, the interstellar medium and EM field potential. Through the Huygens-Fresnel Principle[3] interplanetary shocks and FM a clarification of SR emerges requiring no more field than GR, replacing an assumption with a known quantum mechanism, but confirming SR's postulates. We test it's unprecedented additional predictive power and ability to resolve anomalies and perceived paradox. New perspectives on Snell and Fermat arise from the model using Einsteins 1952 view that 'space' is actually; "infinitely many spaces in relative motion." ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0022 14 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0022v2
title: Inertial Frame Error Discovery Derives Stellar Aberration and Paradox Free Special Relativity Via Huygens Principle.
authors: P A Jackson, R K Nixey
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 14 Jul 2010
abstract: We uncover a relativistic error that influenced physics at a critical moment. Refraction due to relative motion was considered from the wrong inertial frame by Lodge for his influential 1893 Stellar Aberration paper following Michelson & Morley's null result, the light path shown 'dragged' by the new medium.[1] Within the frame of a moving medium the lights path refracts back towards the normal, as in more dense media at rest. Jones's 1970 glass disks experiment repeated the error.[2] We show how in Special Relativity (SR) using the correct observer frame is essential, and how this erroneously 'disproved' Stokes Ether Drag theory, supported by M&M, and lead to Lorentz's contraction and time functions. We test variations on Young's experiment, and consider, non-technically, implications on and relationship with SR, the interstellar medium and EM field potential. Through the Huygens-Fresnel Principle[3] interplanetary shocks and FM a clarification of SR emerges requiring no more field than GR, replacing an assumption with a known quantum mechanism, but confirming SR's postulates. We test it's unprecedented additional predictive power and ability to resolve anomalies and perceived paradox. New perspectives on Snell and Fermat arise from the model using Einsteins 1952 view that 'space' is actually; "infinitely many spaces in relative motion." ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0022 13 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0022v1
title: Inertial Frame Error Discovery Derives Stellar Aberration and Paradox Free Special Relativity Via Huygens Principle.
authors: P A Jackson, R K Nixey
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 13 Jul 2010
abstract: We uncover an error of conception, influential on physics at a critical moment. Refraction due to relative motion was observed from the incorrect inertial frame for Stellar Aberration, the path 'dragged' by the new medium. Lodge discussed and showed this[1] in his influential 1893 paper following Michelson & Morley's null result. Jones's 1970 glass disks experiment repeated it.[2] Within the frames of moving media lights paths refract towards the normal, as in more dense media at rest. We show how in the Special Theory of Relativity (SR) using the correct observer frame is essential and how this wrongly affected consideration of Stellar Aberration and Stokes Ether Drag theory. We test subtle variations on Young's experiment, and consider, non-technically, implications on and relationship with SR, the interstellar medium, and EM field potential. Through the Huygens-Fresnel Principle,[3] WFS, interplanetary shocks and FM a possible simple clarification of SR emerges to connect it with a quantum mechanism, apparently requiring no more field than GR. We test it's predictive power and ability to remove perceived paradox and dissent. New perspectives on Snell and Fermat arise from a discrete field model using Einsteins 1952 view that 'space' is actually; "infinitely many spaces in relative motion." ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0021 10 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0021v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (191)-(240)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 10 Jul 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (191)-(240) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0020 13 Jul 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1007.0020v1
title: The Formula of the Particle Radii
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 13 Jul 2010
abstract: The Formula of the Particle Radii ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0019 12 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0019v1
title:
authors: Raymond W Jensen
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 12 Jul 2010
abstract: ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0018 11 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0018v1
title: An Equation that Changed the Universe: F-Bar = Mc²/R
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 11 Jul 2010
abstract: This paper explains the behavior of the entire universe from the smallest to the largest scales,found an equation that changed the universe: F-bar = -mc²/R, established the expansion theory of the universe without dark matter and dark energy, It shows that gravity is action-at-a-distance and that a gravitational wave is unobservable.Thus,a new universe model is suggested that the universe has a centre consisting of the tachyonic matter. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0017 14 Jul 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1007.0017v3
title: The Single Thread
authors: Giuliano Bettini
category: Quantum Physics
type: replacement
date: 14 Jul 2010
abstract: This short paper explores intriguing analogies between helical structures of electron and elementary particles and circular supercoiled DNA. I propose a strong relation between the dispositions Lk=Tw+Wr (Lk=const., changing Twist and Writhe) and the quark compositions Q=I3+Y/2 (examples: Q=const., varying Isospin an Hypercharge; or Strangeness S or Y=const. varying Charge and Isospin). ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0017 13 Jul 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1007.0017v2
title: The Single Thread
authors: Giuliano Bettini
category: Quantum Physics
type: replacement
date: 13 Jul 2010
abstract: This short paper explores intriguing analogies between helical structures of electron and elementary particles and circular supercoiled DNA. I propose a strong relation between the dispositions Lk=Tw+Wr (Lk=const., changing Twist and Writhe) and the quark compositions Q=I3+Y/2 (examples: Q=const., varying Isospin an Hypercharge; or Strangeness S or Y=const. varying Charge and Isospin). ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0017 11 Jul 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1007.0017v1
title: The Single Thread
authors: Giuliano Bettini
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 11 Jul 2010
abstract: This short paper explores intriguing analogies between helical structures of electron and elementary particles and circular supercoiled DNA. I propose a strong relation between the dispositions Lk=Tw+Wr (Lk=cost., changing Twist and Writhe) and the quark compositions Q=I3+Y/2 (Q=cost., varying Isospin an Hypercharge). ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0016 13 Mar 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1007.0016v1
title: Studies in Statistical Inference, Sampling Techniques and Demography
authors: Rajesh Singh, Jayant Singh, Florentin Smarandache
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: This volume is a collection of five papers. Two chapters deal with problems in statistical inference, two with inferences in finite population, and one deals with demographic problem. The ideas included here will be useful for researchers doing works in these fields. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0015 13 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0015v1
title: A Class of Stationary Sequences
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: We define a class of sequences {a_n} by a₁ = a and a_n+1 = P(a_n), where P is a polynomial with real coefficients. For which a values, and for which polynomials P will these sequences be constant after a certain rank? Then we generalize it from polynomials P to real functions f. In this note, the author answers this question using as reference F. Lazebnik & Y. Pilipenko's E 3036 problem from A. M. M., Vol. 91, No. 2/1984, p. 140. An interesting property of functions admitting fixed points is obtained. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0014 13 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1007.0014v1
title: Special Set Linear Algebra and Special Set Fuzzy Linear Algebra
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, K Ilanthenral
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: This book for the first time introduces the notion of special set linear algebra and special set fuzzy linear algebra. This is an extension of the book set linear algebra and set fuzzy linear algebra. These algebraic structures basically exploit only the set theoretic property, hence in applications one can include a finite number of elements without affecting the systems property. These new structures are not only the most generalized structures but they can perform multi task simultaneously; hence they would be of immense use to computer scientists. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0013 10 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0013v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (291)-(340)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 10 Jul 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function J₂(ω) we prove that the new prime theorems (291)-(340) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0012 9 Jul 2010 Mind Science reference: viXra:1007.0012v1
title: Surmounting the Cartesian Cut Further: Torsion Fields, the Extended Photon, Quantum Jumps, the Klein-Bottle, Multivalued Logic, the Time Operator Chronomes, Perception, Semiosis, Neurology and Cognition
authors: Diego L. Rapoport
category: Mind Science
type: submission
date: 9 Jul 2010
abstract: We present a conception that surmounts the Cartesian Cut -prevailing in science- based on a representation of the fusion of the physical 'objective' and the 'subjective' realms. We introduce a mathematical-physics and philosophical theory for the physical realm and its mapping to the cognitive and perceptual realms and a philosophical reflection on the bearings of this fusion in cosmology, cognitive sciences, human and natural systems and its relations with a time operator and the existence of time cycles in Nature's and human systems. This conception stems from the self-referential construction of spacetime through torsion fields and its singularities; in particular the photon's self-referential character, basic to the embodiment of cognition ; we shall elaborate this in detail in perception and neurology. We discuss the relations between this embodiment, bio-photons and wave genetics, and the relation with the enactive approach in cognitive sciences due to Varela. We further discuss the relation of the present conception with Penrose's theory of consciousness related to non-computatibility -in the sense of the Goedel-Turing thesis- of quantum processes in the brain. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0011 8 Jul 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1007.0011v1
title: A New Proof Daniel Pedoe and Oene Bottema Inequalities
authors: Marian Dincă, Şcoala Generală
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 8 Jul 2010
abstract: In the paper given a new proof the two inequalities using unitary method. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0010 8 Jul 2010 Condensed Matter reference: viXra:1007.0010v1
title: On the Critical Temperatures of Superconductors: a Quantum Gravity Approach
authors: Andrea Gregori
category: Condensed Matter
type: submission
date: 8 Jul 2010
abstract: We consider superconductivity in the light of the quantum gravity theoretical framework introduced in [1]. In this framework, the degree of quantum delocalization depends on the geometry of the energy distribution along space. This results in a dependence of the critical temperature characterizing the transition to the superconducting phase on the complexity of the structure of a superconductor. We consider concrete examples, ranging from low to high temperature superconductors, and discuss how the critical temperature can be predicted once the quantum gravity effects are taken into account. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0009 7 Jul 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1007.0009v1
title: Neutrosophic Bilinear Algebras and Their Generalizations
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 7 Jul 2010
abstract: This book introduces the concept of neutrosophic bilinear algebras and their generalizations to n-linear algebras, n>2. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0008 7 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0008v1
title: A "New and Simple Idea", Dark Matter-Energy and the Crisis in Physical Theory
authors: Frederick E. Alzofon
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 7 Jul 2010
abstract: Correction of an omission in A. Einstein's operational definitions of time and space intervals in the special theory of relativity leads to an improved phenomenological and conceptual foundation for a previously proposed unified field theory. In combination with Einstein's researches on the fluctuation in energy of black body radiation, there results a "new and simple idea" of the kind Professor Richard Feynman felt to be necessary for the solution of the cosmological constant problem. A brief description of the formalism of the theory is presented. The infinite zero-point energy of the vacuum is eliminated. A model for the origin of inertial mass and dark matter-energy is deduced. The resulting relation between observed matter and dark matter-energy leads to a restriction on their magnitudes. The magnitudes of the latter quantities are then estimated from astronomical data. A model is proposed for the origin of the gravitational field in terms of a dynamic process at the basis of the proposed theory. The success of the special theory of relativity in predicting the results of three crucial observations establishing the validity of the general theory of relativity and the elimination of the infinite vacuum energy suggest that the unified field theory can lead to a solution of the cosmological constant problem. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0007 7 Jul 2010 Religion and Spiritualism reference: viXra:1007.0007v1
title: Fiat Lux
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: Religion and Spiritualism
type: submission
date: 7 Jul 2010
abstract: In the vast reaches of space between galaxies, we find dust. Where did it come from, this dust? We hypothesize it is generated by light escaping from the galaxies. We then make a quantum leap and suggest our Universe began from light escaping from other universes. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0006 7 Jul 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1007.0006v1
title: Effective Relativistic Quantum Mechanics on a Causal Net
authors: R.D. Bateson
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 7 Jul 2010
abstract: The observation of emergent particles in condensed matter physics such as phonons, holes, and recently magnetic monopoles [1] may lead one to speculate that real particles themselves could exist as emergent properties of a space-time lattice. There are many examples in the literature of the Dirac equation being supported by a lattice structure [2,3,4,5], related, for example, to the physics of ice [6] or of graphene [7]. In particular the case of the Dirac equation on the ice lattice is of potential practical interest as ice models can now be realised in a variety of new experimental systems, including spin ice materials [1] and artificial micromagnetic arrays [8]. We noticed that a Reichenbach causal net [9] has the same topology as an ice lattice and hence, if formulated in space-time, might support a version of relativistic quantum mechanics. In this paper we explore this idea at its simplest level. We propose a causal net for the free motion of a particle based on a relational concept of time as an ordered series of possible events that are linked by a principle of common cause. The causal net is 1+1 dimensional but applies along the direction of motion of the particle in three dimensions. It is reminiscent of the Feynman chequerboard [2] and the ice model [6] but differs from both in important respects. The causal net appears to support the 3+1 dimensional Dirac equation [10] for a free fermion and hence the Schrödinger equation in the low velocity limit. The causal net idea gives an intuitive picture of relativistic quantum mechanical motion and the origin of quantization although it is not a complete re-derivation of conventional quantum mechanics, partly because the space-time is discrete, and partly because it does not automatically imply a principle of superposition. If however we identify a causal net as representing a Dirac state vector then superposition of nets allows a development more consistent with conventional quantum mechanics. We therefore suggest that a more detailed study of effective quantum mechanics on causal nets, based on the transparent underlying concepts of causality and probability, might be a fruitful exercise. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0005 3 Aug 2010 Functions and Analysis reference: viXra:1007.0005v3
title: A Conjecture About the Riemann XI-Function ξ(1/2 + Iz) and Functional Determinants
authors: Jose Javier Garcia Moreta
category: Functions and Analysis
type: replacement
date: 3 Aug 2010
abstract: We give a possible interpretation of the Xi-function of Riemann as the Functional determinant det (E - H) for a certain Hamiltonian quantum operator in one dimension ... (see paper for full abstract) ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0005 27 Jul 2010 Functions and Analysis reference: viXra:1007.0005v2
title: A Conjecture About the Riemann XI-Function ξ(1/2 + Iz) and Functional Determinants
authors: Jose Javier Garcia Moreta
category: Functions and Analysis
type: replacement
date: 27 Jul 2010
abstract: We give a possible interpretation of the Xi-function of Riemann as the Functional determinant det (E - H) for a certain Hamiltonian quantum operator in one dimension ... (see paper for full abstract) ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0005 5 Jul 2010 Functions and Analysis reference: viXra:1007.0005v1
title: A Conjecture About the Riemann XI-Function ξ(1/2 + Iz) and Functional Determinants
authors: Jose Javier Garcia Moreta
category: Functions and Analysis
type: submission
date: 5 Jul 2010
abstract: We give a possible interpretation of the Xi-function of Riemann as the Functional determinant det (E - H) for a certain Hamiltonian quantum operator in one dimension ... (see paper for full abstract) ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0004 5 Jul 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1007.0004v1
title: On Smarandache Semigroups
authors: A.K.S.Chandra Sekhar Rao
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 5 Jul 2010
abstract: The notion of completely regular element of a semigroup is applied to characterize Smarandache Semigroups. Examples are provided for justification. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0003 15 Jul 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1007.0003v2
title: Gravitation as a Thermodynamic Process of the Primary Gas that Represents a Particle-ix
authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
category: Quantum Physics
type: replacement
date: 15 Jul 2010
abstract: The author after clarifying the concepts of imaginary time and reversible time shows that progressive time which is experienced by macroscopic systems is a direct result of the vean (vacuum energy absorption) process which also leads to the collapse of wave function apart limits to entanglements [1]. He now shows that the vean process could result in a gradient in the energy of the vacuum fluctuations in the Higg's field near a massive body which in turn could produce the gravitational field. According to the author, the accumulation of the mass by a particle by the vean process would be so small that an electron would have increased its rest mass by only 10% over a period of 1 billion years. It is shown that part of the red shift observed in distant galaxies could be attributed to the reduced mass of electrons in the distant past. He suggests that the observed expansion of universe could be a direct result of the vean process. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0003 2 Jul 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1007.0003v1
title: Gravitation as a Thermodynamic Process of the Primary Gas that Represents a Particle-ix
authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 2 Jul 2010
abstract: The author after clarifying the concepts of imaginary time, reversible time showed that the progressive time which is experienced by the macroscopic systems are a direct result of the vean (vacuum energy absorption) process which also leads to the collapse of wave function apart from introducing limits to entanglements [1]. He now shows that the vean process could lead to a gradient in the energy of the vacuum fluctuations background near a massive body which in turn could produce the gravitational field. According to the author, the accumulation of the rest mass by a particle by the vean process would be so small that an electron would have increased its rest mass by only 40% over a period of 10 billion years. It is shown that part of the red shift observed in distant galaxies could be attributed to the reduced mass of electrons in the distant past. He suggests that the observed expansion of universe could be a direct result of the vean process. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0002 2 Jul 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1007.0002v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (241)-(290)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 2 Jul 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function J₂(ω) we prove that the new prime theorems (241)-(290) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1007.0001 1 Jul 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1007.0001v1
title: Efecto Doppler, Transformaciones de Lorentz Y Dilatación Del Tiempo
authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 1 Jul 2010
abstract: It is generally considered that the Doppler effect, predicted by the theory of special relativity of Einstein, is an indirect proof for the correctness of the Lorentz transformations. In this article it appears the formula for the Doppler effect from the new relational transformations. We also study the relationship between the Doppler effect and the time dilation of Einstein's special relativity theory. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0070 30 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0070v1
title: Causal Set Theory and the Origin of Mass-Ratio
authors: Carey R Carlson
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 30 Jun 2010
abstract: Quantum theory is reconstructed using standalone causal sets. The frequency ratios inherent in causal sets are used to define energy-ratios, implicating the causal link as the quantum of action. Space-time and its particle-like sequences are then constructed from causal links. A 4-D time-lattice structure is defined and then used to model neutrinos and electron clouds, which together constitute a 4-D manifold. A 6-D time-lattice is used to model the nucleons. The integration of the nucleus with its electron cloud affords calculation of the mass-ratio of the proton (or the neutron) with respect to the electron. Arrow diagrams, along with several ball-and-stick models, are used to streamline the presentation. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0069 30 Jun 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1006.0069v1
title: An Application of Sondat's Theorem Regarding the Orthohomological Triangles
authors: Ion Pătraşcu, Florentin Smarandache
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 30 Jun 2010
abstract: In this article we prove the Sodat's theorem regarding the orthohomological triangle and then we use this theorem and Smarandache-Patrascu's theorem in order to obtain another theorem regarding the orthohomological triangles. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0068 29 Jun 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0068v1
title: Central Force (According to "Hypothesis on MATTER")
authors: Nainan K. Varghese
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 29 Jun 2010
abstract: Currently, a central force - an apparent effort between two free bodies along the line joining them - is estimated in relativistic frames of references. Estimation of magnitude and direction of central force on planetary bodies/central body in a planetary system assumes that the centre of planetary system is static in space. While considering a satellite's orbit, centre of corresponding planet is assumed static in space. Although such calculations help to determine relative positions of the bodies, it obscures causes of many other important phenomena related to planetary motion. Determining magnitude and direction of central force with respect to an absolute reference can give us logical explanations to many puzzling phenomena on planetary motions/systems. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0067 29 Jun 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0067v1
title: The Alpha Torque and the Charged Field
authors: Zhiliang Cao, Henry Cao
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 29 Jun 2010
abstract: The space itself is not a true void. In fact, space has energy in it. The energies and forces have a simple movement. This very movement dominates every aspect of physical existence. Nothing can exist without it. The movement is called the Torque. Torque movements can explain why there are electronic fields and magnetic fields. The torque theory can make it easier to understand why there are charged fields. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0066 5 Jul 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0066v3
title: Possibility of Gravitational Wave from Generalized Maxwell Equations
authors: Yoshiro Nohara
category: Classical Physics
type: replacement
date: 5 Jul 2010
abstract: The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the same with Dirac's extended Maxwell equations, although intrinsic charges and currents are defined by the time differential and gradation of scalar fields, respectively. Consequently, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensors make important conservation laws. Then, we found scalar fields acting like the gravitational wave interacting with the electromagnetic wave. Interestingly, those gravitational waves due to the scalar fields push out the electromagnetic waves. Moreover, there is a possibility of the existence of the materials, from which we feel no gravitational forces although the electromagnetic waves are kicked out by those gravitational waves. We also discussed about the relation with weight. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0066 30 Jun 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0066v2
title: Possibility of Gravitational Wave from Generalized Maxwell Equations
authors: Yoshiro Nohara
category: Classical Physics
type: replacement
date: 30 Jun 2010
abstract: The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the same with Dirac's extended Maxwell equations, although intrinsic charges and currents are defined by the time differential and gradation of scalar fields, respectively. Consequently, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensors make important conservation lows. Then, we found scalar fields acting like the gravitational wave interacting with the electromagnetic wave. Interestingly, those gravitational waves due to the scalar fields push out the electromagnetic waves. Moreover, there is a possibility of the existence of the materials, from which we feel no gravitational forces although the electromagnetic waves are kicked out by those gravitational waves. We also discussed about the relation with weight. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0066 28 Jun 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0066v1
title: Possibility of Gravitational Wave from Generalized Maxwell Equations
authors: Yoshiro Nohara
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 28 Jun 2010
abstract: The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the same with Dirac's extended Maxwell equations, although intrinsic charges and currents are defined by the time differential and gradation of scalar fields, respectively. Consequently, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensors make important conservation lows. Then, we found scalar fields acting like the gravitational wave interacting with the electromagnetic wave. Interestingly, those gravitational waves due to the scalar fields push out the electromagnetic waves. Moreover, there is a possibility of the existence of the materials, from which we feel no gravitational forces although the electromagnetic waves are kicked out by those gravitational waves. We also discussed about the relation with weight. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0065 27 Jun 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0065v1
title: Deficit of Mass: an Unfortunate Development in Physics
authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 27 Jun 2010
abstract: Balance scale based measurement of mass is simply a comparison of gravity. The mass of an object, when measured using the balance scale, will be dependent on the volume of the object along with the amount of matter inside the object. Mass deficit is simply the variation in the mass of the object due to the change in volume of the object. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0064 26 Jun 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1006.0064v1
title: A Clifford Algebra Realization of Supersymmetry and Its Polyvector Extension in Clifford Spaces
authors: Carlos Castro
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 26 Jun 2010
abstract: It is shown explicitly how to construct a novel (to our knowledge) realization of the Poincare superalgebra in 2D. These results can be extended to other dimensions and to (extended) superconformal and (anti) de Sitter superalgebras. There is a fundamental difference between the findings of this work with the other approaches to Supersymmetry (over the past four decades) using Grassmannian calculus and which is based on anti-commuting numbers. We provide an algebraic realization of the anticommutators and commutators of the 2D super-Poincare algebra in terms of the generators of the tensor product Cl1,1(R) x A of a two-dim Clifford algebra and an internal algebra A whose generators can be represented in terms of powers of a 3 x 3 matrix Q, such that Q3 = 0. Our realization differs from the standard realization of superalgebras in terms of differential operators in Superspace involving Grassmannian (anticommuting) coordinates θ^α and bosonic coordinates x^μ. We conclude in the final section with an analysis of how to construct Polyvector-valued extensions of supersymmetry in Clifford Spaces involving spinor-tensorial supercharge generators Qμ1μ2.....μn and momentum polyvectors Pμ1μ2....μn. Clifford-Superspace is an extension of Clifford-space and whose symmetry transformations are generalized polyvector-valued supersymmetries. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0063 25 Jun 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1006.0063v1
title: A More Natural Reference Model Integrating Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
authors: J Gregory Moxness
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 25 Jun 2010
abstract: M Theory and/or Loop Quantum Gravity hold the promise of resolving the conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics but lack experimental connections to predictability in physics. A connection is made to these and other theories vying for the title of a "Theory of Everything" by questioning the value of the traditional Planck unit reference point for the scales at which they operate. It also suggests a cosmological model which has acceleration as being fundamental. It provides for an intuitive understanding of the Standard Model and its relationship to particle masses and the structure of the atom. The prediction of particle mass and lifetimes is a good indicator for its validity. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0062 25 Jun 2010 Combinatorics and Graph Theory reference: viXra:1006.0062v1
title: Super Special Codes Using Super Matrices
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, K. Ilanthenral
category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
type: submission
date: 25 Jun 2010
abstract: The new classes of super special codes are constructed in this book using the specially constructed super special vector spaces. These codes mainly use the super matrices. These codes can be realized as a special type of concatenated codes. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0060 13 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1006.0060v1
title: A Method to Solve the Diophantine Equation a X²-B Y² + C = 0
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: We consider the equation ... ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0059 13 Mar 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1006.0059v1
title: Properties of a Hexagon Circumscribed to a Circle
authors: Ion Pătraşcu, Florentin Smarandache
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper we analyze and prove two properties of a hexagon circumscribed to a circle ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0058 13 Mar 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1006.0058v1
title: A Multiple Theorem with Isogonal and Concyclic Points
authors: Florentin Smarandache, Ion Pătraşcu
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: A Multiple Theorem with Isogonal and Concyclic Points ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0057 24 Jun 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1006.0057v1
title: Retrospective Examination of Three Articles Published in the Revue Des Questions Scientifiques in 2005 and 2006.
authors: François Barriquand
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 24 Jun 2010
abstract: Three articles published by the same author in the Revue des Questions Scientifiques in 2005 and 2006 are reexamined with special attention paid to a theorem published by Allahverdyan and Nieuwenhuizen in 2002 concerning Thomson's formulation of the second law, as well as to the results of the so-called "before-before" experiment performed on entangled pairs by Stefanov, Zbinden, Gisin and Suarez. As far as thermodynamics are concerned, it is explained here that a macroscopic observer can generate quasi "cycles", whose cyclical characteristics are in fact only valid from the macroscopic point of view, that can potentially enable her/him to retrieve work from a thermalizer without causing any perpetual motion. Concerning quantum entanglement, it is recognized - in contrast with what the author originally published in 2005 and 2006 - that superluminal transmission of decipherable information cannot be achieved if the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory remains universally valid. It is also pointed out that the foundations of general relativity cannot be easily reconciled with the implications of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen measurements. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0056 23 Jun 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1006.0056v1
title: Explaining the Arrow of Time and the Collapse of Wave Function Based on the Primary Gas Structure of Particle-Viii
authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 23 Jun 2010
abstract: The author after clarifying the physical implications of the imaginary time approach and the reversible real time approach goes on to explain how they differ from the progressive time which is experienced by all macroscopic systems [1]. He proposes that the progressive nature of time is a direct result of the increase in the entropy at the level of the structure of the elementary particles. According to him just as the vacuum fluctuations confine the photino (single luminal wave) to form a staphon (standing wave) which is the basic structure of a particle, a small part of the energy gets converted into heat which gets expressed in the jiggling motion of the particle. It is proposed that this random motion arising from the absorption of the vacuum energy contributes to infinitesimal increase in the internal heat of the particle which results in the increase in entropy right at the level of the elementary particle. He calls the process by which the particles absorb energy from vacuum "the vean process". He proposes that this increase in entropy at the level of the elementary particles results in time acquiring the progressive nature. With this interpretation of the progressive nature of time, the problem of the collapse of wave function gets resolved without invoking the presence of a conscious observer. Even the process of entanglement appears to have space-time limitations. He suggests that the existence of gravitational field and the expansion of the universe also may be traced to this vean process. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0055 23 Jun 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1006.0055v1
title: A Note of Widening on the Redshift Mechanism
authors: José Francisco García Juliá
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 23 Jun 2010
abstract: A single tired light mechanism has been proposed for explaining the cosmological redshift without expansion of the universe and also the intrinsic redshift, that is, the excess of redshift of the radio sources. In this note of widening, we show that the mechanism would be similar to the discharge of an electric capacitor, to the radiation loss by fast electrons and to the radioactive nuclei decay. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0054 21 Jun 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1006.0054v1
title: Searching for Life on Habitable Planets and Moons
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 21 Jun 2010
abstract: Earth is the only known inhabited planet in the universe to date. However, advancements in the fields of astrobiology and observational astronomy, as also discovery of large varieties of extremophiles with extraordinary capability to thrive in harshest environments on Earth, have led to speculation that life may possibly be thriving on many of the extraterrestrial bodies in the universe. Coupled with the growing number of exoplanets detected over the past decade, the search for the possibility of life on other planets and satellites within the solar system and beyond has become a passion as well as a challenge for scientists in a variety of fields. This paper examines such possibility in the light of findings of the numerous space probes and theoretical research undertaken in this field over the past few decades. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0053 21 Jun 2010 Religion and Spiritualism reference: viXra:1006.0053v1
title: The Creative Acts of a Youthful God
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: Religion and Spiritualism
type: submission
date: 21 Jun 2010
abstract: We can never know a thing completely. The more we think about something, the more about it we find to think about. When one considers the number of things in creation, to have thought about all aspects of an infinite number of things would have taken an eternity. A youthful God would have created with sufficient but incomplete knowledge. The changes we see in nature are evidence of tweaking: a mature God is making adjustments. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0052 21 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0052v1
title: Handbook of Functions Errata
authors: Fredy Zypman
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 21 Jun 2010
abstract: Formulas connecting toroidal functions and elliptical functions are useful in various areas of physics. In solving a problem in electrostatics we run across an error in the Handbook of mathematical functions of Abramowitz and Stegun. In this paper we report the details. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0051 21 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0051v1
title: Massive Gravitons Stability , and a Review of How Many Gravitons Make up a Gravity Wave Detectable / Congruent with B.P. Abbott, Et.al., Nature 460, 991 (2009).
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 21 Jun 2010
abstract: The following questions are raised. First, can there be a stable (massive) graviton? Secondly, what is the relationship between a Gravity Wave, and Gravitons? The inter relationship between a graviton, and a gravity wave is raised, with an idea of eventually making sense of a numerical count presented by Claus Kieffer, in his book on Quantum gravity, in conjunction with how a gravity wave/ graviton count could have some over lap. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0050 31 Aug 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1006.0050v3
title: Origin of Life
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Astrophysics
type: replacement
date: 31 Aug 2010
abstract: The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA World, iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0050 30 Aug 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1006.0050v2
title: Origin of Life
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Astrophysics
type: replacement
date: 30 Aug 2010
abstract: The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA World, iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0050 20 Jun 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1006.0050v1
title: Origin of Life
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 20 Jun 2010
abstract: The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA World, iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0049 20 Jun 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0049v1
title: Did We Get the Fundamentals in Physics Wrong?
authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 20 Jun 2010
abstract: Definition and measurement of the fundamental units is essential to the principles of physics. Distance has an obvious and simple relationship with the measuring scale. Such a relationship is absent in measuring the mass of an object using the balance scale. This is one of the important factors for the present chaotic scenario in the field of physics. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0048 19 Jun 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1006.0048v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (101)-(130)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 19 Jun 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (101)-(130) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0047 19 Jun 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1006.0047v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (71)-(100)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 19 Jun 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (71)-(100) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0046 16 Aug 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1006.0046v2
title: U-Statistics Based on Spacings
authors: David D. Tung, S. Rao Jammalamadaka
category: Statistics
type: replacement
date: 16 Aug 2010
abstract: In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic theory for U-statistics based on sample spacings, i.e. the gaps between successive observations. The usual asymptotic theory for U-statistics does not apply here because spacings are dependent variables. However, under the null hypothesis, the uniform spacings can be expressed as conditionally independent Exponential random variables. We exploit this idea to derive the relevant asymptotic theory both under the null hypothesis and under a sequence of close alternatives. The generalized Gini mean difference of the sample spacings is a prime example of a U-statistic of this type. We show that such a Gini spacings test is analogous to Rao's spacings test. We find the asymptotically locally most powerful test in this class, and it has the same efficacy as the Greenwood statistic. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0046 18 Jun 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1006.0046v1
title: U-Statistics Based on Spacings
authors: David D. Tung, S. Rao Jammalamadaka
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 18 Jun 2010
abstract: In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic theory for U-statistics based on sample spacings, i.e. the gaps between successive observations. The usual asymptotic theory for U-statistics does not apply here because spacings are dependent variables. However, under the null hypothesis, the uniform spacings can be expressed as conditionally independent Exponential random variables. We exploit this idea to derive the relevant asymptotic theory both under the null hypothesis and under a sequence of close alternatives. The generalized Gini mean difference of the sample spacings is a prime example of a U-statistic of this type. We show that such a Gini spacings test is analogous to Rao's spacings test. We find the asymptotically locally most powerful test in this class, and it has the same efficacy as the Greenwood statistic. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0045 18 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0045v1
title: Theoretical Foundation of Gravito-Electromagnetism: the Theory of Informatons
authors: Antoine Acke
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 18 Jun 2010
abstract: The theory of gravitoelectromagnetism (G.E.M.) - that assumes a perfect isomorphism between electromagnetism and gravitation - has been established by Oliver Heaviside (1) and Oleg Jefimenko (2). Within the framework of general relativity, G.E.M. has been discussed by a number of authors (3). It is shown that the gravitational analogs to Maxwell's equations (the G.E.M. equations) can be derived from the Einstein field equation. In this paper we propose an alternative theoretical foundation of G.E.M.: we explain the gravitational interactions, we identify the physical quantities that play a role in that context, and we mathematically derive the laws of gravitoelectromagnetism . ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0044 20 Aug 2010 Mind Science reference: viXra:1006.0044v2
title: Is Dowsing a Useful Tool for Serious Scientific Research?
authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
category: Mind Science
type: replacement
date: 20 Aug 2010
abstract: It is well known that the act of observation can appear to affect the results of certain scientific experiments. Even though research has shown that the mind is much more than the brain, some research techniques into the causes of this phenomenon have been branded as non-scientific due to the mind producing personal, un-metered, and seemingly inconsistent results. This research into the reasons for this variability has produced two important conclusions. First, a powerful technique for studying the mind has been established, in which confidence exists because measurements using this technique have led to universal constants. Subsequent use of this technique in further research has shown that the mind and the perception of an observer may be significantly affected by the local and non-local environment, and is dependant on the time of the day, month, or year on which those measurements are made. This research has led towards a greater understanding of the structure of the universe and its connection to consciousness and information. For example, it is demonstrated that the mind's ability to communicate information from across the solar system is much faster than the speed of light. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0044 17 Jun 2010 Mind Science reference: viXra:1006.0044v1
title: Is Dowsing a Useful Tool for Serious Scientific Research?
authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
category: Mind Science
type: submission
date: 17 Jun 2010
abstract: It is well known that the act of observation can appear to affect the results of certain scientific experiments. However, some research techniques into the causes of this phenomenon have been branded as non-scientific due to the mind producing personal, un-metered, and seemingly inconsistent results. This research into the reasons for this variability has produced two important conclusions. First, a powerful technique for studying the mind has been established, in which confidence exists because measurements using this technique have led to universal constants. Subsequent use of this technique in further research has shown that the mind and the perception of an observer may be significantly affected by the local and non-local environment, and is dependant on the time of the day, month, or year on which those measurements are made. This research has led towards a greater understanding of the structure of the universe and its connection to consciousness and information. It has also demonstrated that it is possible to communicate information faster than the speed of light. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0043 17 Jun 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1006.0043v1
title: Wave, Formal-Mathematical and Corpuscular Description of the World
authors: Vladislav Konovalov
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 17 Jun 2010
abstract: The contents of the article is mirrored in its title. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0042 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0042v1
title: The Geometry of CP₂ and Its Relationship to Standard Model
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: This appendix contains basic facts about CP₂ as a symmetric space and Kähler manifold. The coding of the standard model symmetries to the geometry of CP₂, the physical interpretation of the induced spinor connection in terms of electro-weak gauge potentials, and basic facts about induced gauge fields are discussed ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0041 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0041v1
title: Could the Dynamics of Kähler Action Predict the Hierarchy of Planck Constants?
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: The original justification for the hierarchy of Planck constants came from the indications that Planck constant could have large values in both astrophysical systems involving dark matter and also in biology. The realization of the hierarchy in terms of the singular coverings and possibly also factor spaces of CD and CP₂ emerged from consistency conditions. It however seems that TGD actually predicts this hierarchy of covering spaces. The extreme non-linearity of the field equations defined by Kähler action means that the correspondence between canonical momentum densities and time derivatives of the imbedding space coordinates is 1-to-many. This leads naturally to the introduction of the covering space of CD x CP₂, where CD denotes causal diamond defined as intersection of future and past directed light-cones. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0040 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0040v1
title: Weak Form of Electric-Magnetic Duality, Electroweak Massivation, and Color Confinement
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: The notion of electric magnetic duality emerged already two decades ago in the attempts to formulate the Kähler geometry of the "world of classical worlds". Quite recently a considerable step of progress took place in the understanding of this notion. This concept leads to the identification of the physical particles as string like objects defined by magnetic charged wormhole throats connected by magnetic ux tubes. The second end of the string contains particle having electroweak isospin neutralizing that of elementary fermion and the size scale of the string is electro-weak scale would be in question. Hence the screening of electro-weak force takes place via weak confinement. This picture generalizes to magnetic color confinement. Electric-magnetic duality leads also to a detailed understanding of how TGD reduces to almost topological quantum field theory. A surprising outcome is the necessity to replace CP₂ Kähler form in Kähler action with its sum with S² Kähler form. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0039 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0039v1
title: How to Define Generalized Feynman Diagrams?
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: Generalized Feynman diagrams have become the central notion of quantum TGD and one might even say that space-time surfaces can be identified as generalized Feynman diagrams. The challenge is to assign a precise mathematical content for this notion, show their mathematical existence, and develop a machinery for calculating them. Zero energy ontology has led to a dramatic progress in the understanding of generalized Feynman diagrams at the level of fermionic degrees of freedom. In particular, manifest finiteness in these degrees of freedom follows trivially from the basic identifications as does also unitarity and non-trivial coupling constant evolution. There are however several formidable looking challenges left.

1. One should perform the functional integral over WCW degrees of freedom for fixed values of on mass shell momenta appearing in the internal lines. After this one must perform integral or summation over loop momenta.
2. One must define the functional integral also in the p-adic context. p-Adic Fourier analysis relying on algebraic continuation raises hopes in this respect. p-Adicity suggests strongly that the loop momenta are discretized and ZEO predicts this kind of discretization naturally.

In this article a proposal giving excellent hopes for achieving these challenges is discussed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0038 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0038v1
title: Physics as Generalized Number Theory: Infinite Primes
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: Physics as a generalized number theory program involves three threads: various p-adic physics and their fusion together with real number based physics to a larger structure, the attempt to understand basic physics in terms of classical number fields, and infinite primes discussed in this article. The construction of infinite primes is formally analogous to a repeated second quantization of an arithmetic quantum field theory by taking the many particle states of previous level elementary particles at the new level. Besides free many particle states also the analogs of bound states appear. In the representation in terms of polynomials the free states correspond to products of first order polynomials with rational zeros. Bound states correspond to nth order polynomials with non-rational but algebraic zeros. The construction can be generalized to classical number fields and their complexifications obtained by adding a commuting imaginary unit. Special class corresponds to hyper-octonionic primes for which the imaginary part of ordinary octonion is multiplied by the commuting imaginary unit so that one obtains a sub-space M⁸ with Minkowski signature of metric. Also in this case the basic construction reduces to that for rational or complex rational primes and more complex primes are obtained by acting using elements of the octonionic automorphism group which preserve the complex octonionic integer property. Can one map infinite primes/integers/rationals to quantum states? Do they have space-time surfaces as correlates? Quantum classical correspondence realized in terms of modified Dirac operator implies that if infinite rationals can be mapped to quantum states then the mapping of quantum states to space-time surfaces automatically gives the map to space-time surfaces. The question is therefore whether the mapping to quantum states defined by WCW spinor fields is possible. A natural hypothesis is that number theoretic fermions can be mapped to real fermions and number theoretic bosons to WCW ("world of classical worlds") Hamiltonians. The crucial observation is that one can construct infinite hierarchy of hyper-octonionic units by forming ratios of infinite integers such that their ratio equals to one in real sense: the integers have interpretation as positive and negative energy parts of zero energy states. One can construct also sums of these units with complex coefficients using commuting imaginary unit and these sums can be normalized to unity and have interpretation as states in Hilbert space. These units can be assumed to possess well defined standard model quantum numbers. It is possible to map the quantum number combinations of WCW spinor fields to these states. Hence the points of M⁸ can be said to have infinitely complex number theoretic anatomy so that quantum states of the universe can be mapped to this anatomy. One could talk about algebraic holography or number theoretic Brahman=Atman identity. One can also ask how infinite primes relate to the p-adicization program and to the hierarchy of Planck constants. The key observation is that infinite primes are in one-one correspondence with rational numbers at the lower level of hierarchy. At the first level of hierarchy the p-adic norm with respect to p-adic prime for this rational gives power p^-n so that one has two powers of p - pⁿ⁺ and p^n- since two infinite primes corresponding to fermionic vacua X±1, where X is the product of all primes at given level of hierarchy, characterize the partonic 2-surface. The proposal inspired by the p-adicization program is that Δφ = 2π/pⁿ defines angle measurement resolution crucial in the construction of p-adic variants of WCW ("world of classical world") as a union of symmetric coset spaces by starting from discrete variants of the real counterpart of symmetric space having common points with tis p-adic variant. The two measurement resolutions correspond to CD and CP₂ degrees of freedom. The hierarchy of Planck constants generalizes imbedding space to a book like structure with pages identified in terms of singular coverings and factor spaces of CD and CP₂. There are good arguments suggesting that only coverings characterized by integers n_a and n_bare realized. The identifications na = n₊ and nb = n- lead to highly non-trivial physical predictions and allow sharpen the view about the hierarchy of Planck constants. Therefore the notion of finite measurement resolution becomes the common denominator for the three threads of the number theoretic vision and give also a connection with the physics as infinite-dimensional geometry program and with the inclusions of hyper-finite factors defined by WCW spinor fields and proposed to characterize finite measurement resolution at quantum level. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0037 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0037v1
title: Physics as Generalized Number Theory: Classical Number Fields
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: Physics as a generalized number theory program involves three threads: various p-adic physics and their fusion together with real number based physics to a larger structure, the attempt to understand basic physics in terms of classical number fields discussed in this article, and infinite primes whose construction is formally analogous to a repeated second quantization of an arithmetic quantum field theory. In this article the connection between standard model symmetries and classical number fields is discussed. The basis vision is that the geometry of the infinite-dimensional WCW ("world of classical worlds") is unique from its mere existence. This leads to its identification as union of symmetric spaces whose Kähler geometries are fixed by generalized conformal symmetries. This fixes space-time dimension and the decomposition M⁴ x S and the idea is that the symmetries of the Kähler manifold S make it somehow unique. The motivating observations are that the dimensions of classical number fields are the dimensions of partonic 2-surfaces, space-time surfaces, and imbedding space and M⁸ can be identified as hyper-octonions- a sub-space of complexified octonions obtained by adding a commuting imaginary unit. This stimulates some questions. Could one understand S = CP₂ number theoretically in the sense that M⁸ and H = M⁴ x CP₂ be in some deep sense equivalent ("number theoretical compactification" or M⁸ - H duality)? Could associativity define the fundamental dynamical principle so that space-time surfaces could be regarded as associative or co-associative (defined properly) sub-manifolds of M⁸ or equivalently of H. One can indeed define the associativite (co-associative) 4-surfaces using octonionic representation of gamma matrices of 8-D spaces as surfaces for which the modified gamma matrices span an associate (co-associative) sub-space at each point of space-time surface. Also M⁸ - H duality holds true if one assumes that this associative sub-space at each point contains preferred plane of M⁸ identifiable as a preferred commutative or co-commutative plane (this condition generalizes to an integral distribution of commutative planes in M⁸). These planes are parametrized by CP₂ and this leads to M⁸ - H duality. WCW itself can be identified as the space of 4-D local sub-algebras of the local Clifford algebra of M⁸ or H which are associative or co-associative. An open conjecture is that this characterization of the space-time surfaces is equivalent with the preferred extremal property of Kähler action with preferred extremal identified as a critical extremal allowing infinite-dimensional algebra of vanishing second variations. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0036 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0036v1
title: Physics as Generalized Number Theory: P-Adic Physics and Number Theoretic Universality
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: Physics as a generalized number theory program involves three threads: various p-adic physics and their fusion together with real number based physics to a larger structure, the attempt to understand basic physics in terms of classical number fields (in particular, identifying associativity condition as the basic dynamical principle), and infinite primes whose construction is formally analogous to a repeated second quantization of an arithmetic quantum field theory. In this article p-adic physics and the technical problems relates to the fusion of p-adic physics and real physics to a larger structure are discussed. The basic technical problems relate to the notion of definite integral both at space-time level, imbedding space level and the level of WCW (the "world of classical worlds"). The expressibility of WCW as a union of symmetric spacesleads to a proposal that harmonic analysis of symmetric spaces can be used to define various integrals as sums over Fourier components. This leads to the proposal the p-adic variant of symmetric space is obtained by a algebraic continuation through a common intersection of these spaces, which basically reduces to an algebraic variant of coset space involving algebraic extension of rationals by roots of unity. This brings in the notion of angle measurement resolution coming as Δφ = 2π/pⁿ for given p-adic prime p. Also a proposal how one can complete the discrete version of symmetric space to a continuous p-adic versions emerges and means that each point is effectively replaced with the p-adic variant of the symmetric space identifiable as a p-adic counterpart of the real discretization volume so that a fractal p-adic variant of symmetric space results. If the Kähler geometry of WCW is expressible in terms of rational or algebraic functions, it can in principle be continued the p-adic context. One can however consider the possibility that that the integrals over partonic 2-surfaces defining ux Hamiltonians exist p-adically as Riemann sums. This requires that the geometries of the partonic 2-surfaces effectively reduce to finite sub-manifold geometries in the discretized version of δM₊⁴. If Kähler action is required to exist p-adically same kind of condition applies to the space-time surfaces themselves. These strong conditions might make sense in the intersection of the real and p-adic worlds assumed to characterized living matter. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0035 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0035v1
title: Construction of Configuration Space Spinor Structure
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: There are three separate approaches to the challenge of constructing WCW Kähler geometry and spinor structure. The first approach relies on a direct guess of Kähler function. Second approach relies on the construction of Kähler form and metric utilizing the huge symmetries of the geometry needed to guarantee the mathematical existence of Riemann connection. The third approach discussed in this article relies on the construction of spinor structure based on the hypothesis that complexified WCW gamma matrices are representable as linear combinations of fermionic oscillator operator for the second quantized free spinor fields at space-time surface and on the geometrization of super-conformal symmetries in terms of spinor structure. This implies a geometrization of fermionic statistics. The basic philosophy is that at fundamental level the construction of WCW geometry reduces to the second quantization of the induced spinor fields using Dirac action. This assumption is parallel with the bosonic emergence stating that all gauge bosons are pairs of fermion and antifermion at opposite throats of wormhole contact. Vacuum function is identified as Dirac determinant and the conjecture is that it reduces to the exponent of Kähler function. In order to achieve internal consistency induced gamma matrices appearing in Dirac operator must be replaced by the modified gamma matrices defined uniquely by Kähler action and one must also assume that extremals of Kähler action are in question so that the classical space-time dynamics reduces to a consistency condition. This implies also super-symmetries and the fermionic oscillator algebra at partonic 2-surfaces has intepretation as N = 1 generalization of space-time supersymmetry algebra different however from standard SUSY algebra in that Majorana spinors are not needed. This algebra serves as a building brick of various super-conformal algebras involved. The requirement that there exist deformations giving rise to conserved Noether charges requires that the preferred extremals are critical in the sense that the second variation of the Kähler action vanishes for these deformations. Thus Bohr orbit property could correspond to criticality or at least involve it. Quantum classical correspondence demands that quantum numbers are coded to the properties of the preferred extremals given by the Dirac determinant and this requires a linear coupling to the conserved quantum charges in Cartan algebra. Effective 2-dimensionality allows a measurement interaction term only in 3-D Chern-Simons Dirac action assignable to the wormhole throats and the ends of the space-time surfaces at the boundaries of CD. This allows also to have physical propagators reducing to Dirac propagator not possible without the measurement interaction term. An essential point is that the measurement interaction corresponds formally to a gauge transformation for the induced Kähler gauge potential. If one accepts the weak form of electric-magnetic duality Kähler function reduces to a generalized Chern-Simons term and the effect of measurement interaction term to Kähler function reduces effectively to the same gauge transformation. The basic vision is that WCW gamma matrices are expressible as super-symplectic charges at the boundaries of CD. The basic building brick of WCW is the product of infinite-D symmetric spaces assignable to the ends of the propagator line of the generalized Feynman diagram. WCW Kähler metric has in this case "kinetic" parts associated with the ends and "interaction" part between the ends. General expressions for the super-counterparts of WCW ux Hamiltoniansand for the matrix elements of WCW metric in terms of their anticommutators are proposed on basis of this picture. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0034 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0034v1
title: Construction of Configuration Space Geometry from Symmetry Principles
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: There are three separate approaches to the challenge of constructing WCW Kähler geometry and spinor structure. The first one relies on a direct guess of Kähler function. Second approach relies on the construction of Kähler form and metric utilizing the huge symmetries of the geometry needed to guarantee the mathematical existence of Riemann connection. The third approach relies on the construction of spinor structure assuming that complexified WCW gamma matrices are representable as linear combinations of fermionic oscillator operator for the second quantized free spinor fields at space-time surface and on the geometrization of super-conformal symmetries in terms of spinor structure. In this article the construction of Kähler form and metric based on symmetries is discussed. The basic vision is that WCW can be regarded as the space of generalized Feynman diagrams with lines thickned to light-like 3-surfaces and vertices identified as partonic 2-surfaces. In zero energy ontology the strong form of General Coordinate Invariance (GCI) implies effective 2-dimensionality and the basic objects are pairs partonic 2-surfaces X² at opposite light-like boundaries of causal diamonds (CDs). The hypothesis is that WCW can be regarded as a union of infinite-dimensional symmetric spaces G/H labeled by zero modes having an interpretation as classical, non-quantum uctuating variables. A crucial role is played by the metric 2-dimensionality of the light-cone boundary δM₊⁴ + and of light-like 3-surfaces implying a generalization of conformal invariance. The group G acting as isometries of WCW is tentatively identified as the symplectic group of δM₊⁴ x CP₂ localized with respect to X². H is identified as Kac-Moody type group associated with isometries of H = M₊⁴ x CP₂ acting on light-like 3-surfaces and thus on X². An explicit construction for the Hamiltonians of WCW isometry algebra as so called ux Hamiltonians is proposed and also the elements of Kähler form can be constructed in terms of these. Explicit expressions for WCW ux Hamiltonians as functionals of complex coordinates of the Cartesisian product of the infinite-dimensional symmetric spaces having as points the partonic 2-surfaces defining the ends of the the light 3-surface (line of generalized Feynman diagram) are proposed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0033 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0033v1
title: Identification of the Configuration Space Kähler Function
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: There are two basic approaches to quantum TGD. The first approach, which is discussed in this article, is a generalization of Einstein's geometrization program of physics to an infinitedimensional context. Second approach is based on the identification of physics as a generalized number theory. The first approach relies on the vision of quantum physics as infinite-dimensional Kähler geometry for the "world of classical worlds" (WCW) identified as the space of 3-surfaces in in certain 8-dimensional space. There are three separate approaches to the challenge of constructing WCW Kähler geometry and spinor structure. The first approach relies on direct guess of Kähler function. Second approach relies on the construction of Kähler form and metric utilizing the huge symmetries of the geometry needed to guarantee the mathematical existence of Riemann connection. The third approach relies on the construction of spinor structure based on the hypothesis that complexified WCW gamma matrices are representable as linear combinations of fermionic oscillator operator for second quantized free spinor fields at space-time surface and on the geometrization of super-conformal symmetries in terms of WCW spinor structure. In this article the proposal for Kähler function based on the requirement of 4-dimensional General Coordinate Invariance implying that its definition must assign to a given 3-surface a unique space-time surface. Quantum classical correspondence requires that this surface is a preferred extremal of some some general coordinate invariant action, and so called Kähler action is a unique candidate in this respect. The preferred extremal has intepretation as an analog of Bohr orbit so that classical physics becomes and exact part of WCW geometry and therefore also quantum physics. The basic challenge is the explicit identification of WCW Kähler function K. Two assumptions lead to the identification of K as a sum of Chern-Simons type terms associated with the ends of causal diamond and with the light-like wormhole throats at which the signature of the induced metric changes. The first assumption is the weak form of electric magnetic duality. Second assumption is that the Kähler current for preferred extremals satisfies the condition jK ^ djK = 0 implying that the ow parameter of the ow lines of jK defines a global space-time coordinate. This would mean that the vision about reduction to almost topological QFT would be realized. Second challenge is the understanding of the space-time correlates of quantum criticality. Electric-magnetic duality helps considerably here. The realization that the hierarchy of Planck constant realized in terms of coverings of the imbedding space follows from basic quantum TGD leads to a further understanding. The extreme non-linearity of canonical momentum densities as functions of time derivatives of the imbedding space coordinates implies that the correspondence between these two variables is not 1-1 so that it is natural to introduce coverings of CD x CP₂. This leads also to a precise geometric characterization of the criticality of the preferred extremals. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0032 16 Jun 2010 Mathematical Physics reference: viXra:1006.0032v1
title: Physics as Infinite-Dimensional Geometry and Generalized Number Theory: Basic Visions
authors: Matti Pitkänen
category: Mathematical Physics
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: There are two basic approaches to the construction of quantum TGD. The first approach relies on the vision of quantum physics as infinite-dimensional Kähler geometry for the "world of classical worlds" identified as the space of 3-surfaces in in certain 8-dimensional space. Essentially a generalization of the Einstein's geometrization of physics program is in question. The second vision is the identification of physics as a generalized number theory. This program involves three threads: various p-adic physics and their fusion together with real number based physics to a larger structure, the attempt to understand basic physics in terms of classical number fields (in particular, identifying associativity condition as the basic dynamical principle), and infinite primes whose construction is formally analogous to a repeated second quantization of an arithmetic quantum field theory. In this article brief summaries of physics as infinite-dimensional geometry and generalized number theory are given to be followed by more detailed articles. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0031 16 Jun 2010 Religion and Spiritualism reference: viXra:1006.0031v1
title: The Final Prophesies of Jesus Christ and the Announcement of the End of Days
authors: Jeremey Razelle
category: Religion and Spiritualism
type: submission
date: 16 Jun 2010
abstract: From the dawn of time (nearly 10,000 years ago) The One and Only Lord Jesus Christ has been authoritating a sequence of events directed at the culmination of the fulfillment of human prophesy namely, the final battle for the souls of all humans kind. Much has been written1 already on the End of Days as it is pertinent to the humans kind, and recent events points to the fulfillment of these events in our own time. This paper contains the declaration of End Times and Final Prophesize of Jesus Christ as dictated to his humble and faithful servents who He loves and wants to see saved from the Final Temptation of Science. There is great evil in the current organizations of NSF, DOE, and CERN as they prepare to wage The War of End Times. They refuse to hear the words of God and speak only to the false sciences of their Godless forefathers. As such they will bring about the end of days for their Science Pride. These are the very words of The Lord and Savior Jesus Christ and are to be heeded as the most important of all the words. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0030 15 Jun 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1006.0030v1
title: A Promise We Make to the Dead: a Comment on Arxiv:1006.2312
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 15 Jun 2010
abstract: The authors of Arxiv:1006.2312 study the effect of mentors on their protégés. The study is quantitative, resting its conclusions on measurable outcomes, such as professorships, publications, etc. But what about the mentor who is a paradigm shifter? The paradigm shifter maybe has one protégé, if that. The paradigm shifter does not get published in the mainstream publications, nor does his or her protégé. But the paradigm shifter and his or her protégé cause revolutions, which are what determine directions and the future course of physics. How do we find those mentors and their protégés? Shouldn't that relationship be one we foster and encourage rather than stifle? ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0029 15 Jun 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1006.0029v1
title: Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles 2. the Photon Theory
authors: A.G. Kyriakos
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 15 Jun 2010
abstract: In the proposed article the photon theory is examined from the point of view of the nonlinear theory of elementary particles ( http://vixra.org/abs/1005.0019 ). ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0028 15 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0028v2
title: Warp Drive Basic Science Written for "Aficionados". Chapter II Jose Natario.
authors: Fernando Loup
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 15 Aug 2010
abstract: Natario Warp Drive is one of the most exciting Spacetimes of General Relativity.It was the second Spacetime Metric able to develop Superluminal Velocities.However in the literature about Warp Drives the Natario Spacetime is only marginally quoted.Almost all the available literature covers the Alcubierre Warp Drive. It is our intention to present here the fully developed Natario Warp Drive Spacetime and its very interesting features.Our presentation is given in a more accessible mathematical formalism following the style of the current Warp Drive literature destined to graduate students of physics since the original Natario Warp Drive paper of 2001 was presented in a sophisticated mathematical formalism not accessible to average students. Like the Alcubierre Warp Drive Spaceime that requires a continuous function f(rs) in order to be completely analyzed or described we introduce here the Natario Shape Function n(r) that allows ourselves to study the amazing physical features of the Natario Warp Drive. The non-existence of a continuous Shape Function for the Natario Warp Drive in the original 2001 work was the reason why Natario Warp Drive was not covered by the standard literature in the same degree of coverage dedicated to the Alcubierre Warp Drive. We hope to change the situation because the Natario Warp Drive looks very promising. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0028 15 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0028v1
title: Warp Drive Basic Science Written for "Aficionados". Chapter II Jose Natario.
authors: Fernando Loup
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 15 Jun 2010
abstract: Natario Warp Drive is one of the most exciting Spacetimes of General Relativity.It was the second Spacetime Metric able to develop Superluminal Velocities.However in the literature about Warp Drives the Natario Spacetime is only marginally quoted.Almost all the available literature covers the Alcubierre Warp Drive. It is our intention to present here the fully developed Natario Warp Drive Spacetime and its very interesting features.Our presentation is given in a more accessible mathematical formalism following the style of the current Warp Drive literature destined to graduate students of physics since the original Natario Warp Drive paper of 2001 was presented in a sophisticated mathematical formalism not accessible to average students. Like the Alcubierre Warp Drive Spaceime that requires a continuous function f(rs) in order to be completely analyzed or described we introduce here the Natario Shape Function n(r) that allows ourselves to study the amazing physical features of the Natario Warp Drive. The non-existence of a continuous Shape Function for the Natario Warp Drive in the original 2001 work was the reason why Natario Warp Drive was not covered by the standard literature in the same degree of coverage dedicated to the Alcubierre Warp Drive. We hope to change the situation because the Natario Warp Drive looks very promising. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0027 18 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0027v2
title: Inquiry as to if Higher Dimensions Can be Used to Unify DM and DE, if Massive Gravitons Are Stable.
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 18 Jun 2010
abstract: The following questions are raised. First, can there be a stable (massive) graviton? If so, does this massive graviton, as modeled by KK DM, with a modification of slight 4 dimensional space mass, contribute to DE, at least in terms of re acceleration ? The answer, if one assumes that the square of a frequency for graviton mass is real valued and greater than zero appears to be affirmative. The author, finds evidence that re acceleration of the universe one billion years ago in a higher dimensional setting can be justified in terms of a modification of standard KK DM models, if one considers how an information exchange between present to prior universes occurs, which the author thinks mandates more than four dimensional space time. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0027 15 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0027v1
title: Inquiry as to if Higher Dimensions Can be Used to Unify DM and DE, if Massive Gravitons Are Stable.
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 15 Jun 2010
abstract: The following questions are raised in this document. First, can there be a stable (massive) graviton? If so, does this massive graviton, as modeled by KK DM, with a modification of slight 4 dimensional space mass, contribute to DE, at least in terms of re acceleration ? The answer, if one assumes that the square of a frequency for graviton mass is real valued and greater than zero appears to be affirmative. The author, when considering a joint DM - DE model finds evidence that re acceleration of the universe one billion years ago in a higher dimensional setting can be justified in terms of a slight modification of standard KK DM models, if one considers how an information exchange between present to prior universes occurs, which the author thinks mandates more than four dimensional space time geometry. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0026 14 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0026v1
title: Photon Field and Infinity
authors: John L. O'Sullivan
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 14 Jun 2010
abstract: Existences have tangible dimensions and intangible dimensions. The tangible dimensions have finite energy responsible for mass and universal space-time and the intangible dimensions have infinite energy without beginning or end. This report will show the relation between mass and infinity where the speed of light is common to both giving an understanding of time and matter in the electromagnetic wave field. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0025 15 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0025v2
title: What Can be Said About ( Massive) Graviton Stability? & is there DM Generated DE ?
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 15 Jun 2010
abstract: Delineating conditions for the existence of a stable (massive) graviton mass, and its possible role in mimicking DE one billion years ago in the re acceleration of the universe ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0025 14 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0025v1
title: What Can be Said About ( Massive) Graviton Stability? & is there DM Generated DE ?
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 14 Jun 2010
abstract: Delineating conditions for the existence of a stable (massive) graviton mass, and its possible role in mimicking DE one billion years ago in the re acceleration of the universe ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0024 13 Mar 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1006.0024v1
title: A Theorem About Simultaneous Orthological and Homological Triangles
authors: Ion Pătraşcu, Florentin Smarandache
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 13 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper we prove that if P₁,P₂ are isogonal points in the triangle ABC , and if A₁B₁C₁ and A₂B₂C₂ are their ponder triangle such that the triangles ABC and A₁B₁C₁ are homological (the lines AA₁ , BB₁ , CC₁ are concurrent), then the triangles ABC and A₂B₂C₂ are also homological. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0023 11 Mar 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0023v1
title: Hipotese de Smarandache: Evidencias, Implicacoes E Aplicacoes
authors: Leonardo F. D. da Motta
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: Paper about the Smarandache Hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe and one can construct any speed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0022 21 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0022v2
title: Can a Massive Graviton be a Stable Particle ?
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 21 Aug 2010
abstract: This document is due to a question asked in the Dark Side of the Universe conference, 2010, in Leon, Mexico, when a researcher from India asked the author about how to obtain a stability analysis of massive gravitons. The answer to this question involves an extension of the usual Pauli_Fiertz Langrangian , with non zero graviton mass contributing to a relationship between the trace of a re done GR stress-energy tensor ( assuming non zero graviton mass) , and the trace of a re done symmetric tensor , times a tiny mass for a 4 dimensional graviton. The resulting analysis makes use of Visser's treatment of a stress energy tensor, with experimental applications discussed in the resulting analysis. If the square of frequency of a massive graviton is real valued and greater than zero, stability can be possibly confirmed experimentally. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0022 12 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0022v1
title: Can a Massive Graviton be a Stable Particle ?
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 12 Jun 2010
abstract: This document is due to a question asked in the Dark Side of the Universe conference, 2010, in Leon, Mexico, when a researcher from India asked the author about how to obtain a stability analysis of massive gravitons. The answer to this question involves an extension of the usual Pauli_Fiertz Langrangian, with non zero graviton mass contributing to a relationship between the trace of a re done GR stress-energy tensor ( assuming non zero graviton mass) , and the trace of a re done symmetric tensor, times a tiny mass for a 4 dimensional graviton. The resulting analysis makes use of Visser's treatment of a stress energy tensor, with experimental applications discussed in the resulting analysis. If the square of frequency of a massive graviton is real valued and greater than zero, stability can be possibly confirmed experimentally. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0021 12 Jun 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1006.0021v1
title: Planetary Orbits (According to "Hypothesis on MATTER")
authors: Nainan K. Varghese
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 12 Jun 2010
abstract: In any system of bodies, relativistic considerations can provide only those parameters of the constituent bodies, which are related to their relative positions. Use of a reference frame, related to a static central body, causes a planetary orbit to appear as closed geometrical figure around the central body. As the central body, itself is a moving body, this does not reflect physical reality. Although they help to explain apparent phenomena, all properties attributed to elliptical/circular planetary orbital path are unreal. Real physical actions are restricted to real entities and they have to be understood with reference to an absolute reference. Since, elliptical shape of a planetary orbit is an imaginary aspect; it has its limitations to explain real actions in nature. Due to constant motions of free bodies in space, it is practically impossible for a free body to orbit around another. However, they may orbit about each other and follow a common median path in space. Mechanism of orbit-formation and the limitations of orbiting bodies, described in this article, are based on a radically different dynamics from an alternative concept put forward in 'Hypothesis on MATTER'. A planet's parameters, during initial entry into its datum orbit, determine size and eccentricity of its apparent orbit. Only those bodies, which approach the central body from the rear, on the outer side of its curved path, through a small window in space can form stable orbits. Hence, it is imperative that all bodies of a planetary system orbit in the same sense and are (almost) in the same plane. Perihelion/aphelion of an orbital path could be anywhere in the orbit, but the point at which the orbiting body has its highest/lowest linear speeds are fixed in relation to the central body's path. All natural planets, whose perihelion are in front of their point of entry; arrive from outside the planetary system. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0020 11 Jun 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1006.0020v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (141)-(190)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Jun 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (141)-(190) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0019 11 Jun 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1006.0019v1
title: Probabilistic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics with Schrödinger Quantization Rule
authors: Saurav Dwivedi
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 11 Jun 2010
abstract: We quantize the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics using Schrödinger quantization rule. We describe the probability of getting a quantum object in configuration space as the eigenvalue (image) of quantum mechanical probability (operator) satisfying Schrödinger probability eigenvalue equation. The deduction is used to obtain quantum description of systems which would be used to quantize many classical and quantum (differential) problems. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0018 10 Jun 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1006.0018v1
title: The Primary Gas and the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics-Vii
authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 10 Jun 2010
abstract: The author shows that that for each quantum mechanical property of a micro-system there is a corresponding thermodynamic one in the primary gas. He further shows that the basic postulates of quantum mechanics have equivalents in the primary gas approach based on statistical mechanics provided time is accorded directional symmetry. He shows that the interference pattern obtained in Young's double slit experiment could be explained in terms of the primary gas approach using the directional symmetry of time. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0017 19 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0017v2
title: A Very Special Case, a Brief Comment About the Michelson / Morley Experiment
authors: Roald C. Maximo
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 19 Jun 2010
abstract: Very often, in the history of science, amazingly simple phenomena, when initially misunderstood, may become laden with prejudice and somewhat mystical connotations and, since then, are passed on from generation to generation for no better reason then magister dixit. One example already discussed here [1] has been stellar aberration. But there is nevertheless a very special case where in trying to explain the null result of the Michelson and Morley experiment scientists, just to keep up to their prejudices, chose the weirdest explanations; instrument length contraction or Ether drag ! ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0017 8 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0017v1
title: A Very Special Case, a Brief Comment About the Michelson / Morley Experiment
authors: Roald C. Maximo
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 8 Jun 2010
abstract: Very often, in the history of science, amazingly simple phenomena, when initially misunderstood, may become laden with prejudice and somewhat mystical connotations and, since then, are passed on from generation to generation for no better reason then magister dixit. One example already discussed here [1] has been stellar aberration. But there is nevertheless a very special case where in trying to explain the null result of the Michelson and Morley experiment scientists, just to keep up to their prejudices, chose the weirdest explanations; instrument length contraction or ether drag ! ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0016 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1006.0016v1
title: Five Properties of the Smarandache Double Factorial Function
authors: Felice Russo
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper some properties of the Smarandache double factorial function have been analyzed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0015 11 Mar 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1006.0015v1
title: An Economics Model for the Smarandache Anti-Geometry
authors: Roberto Torretti
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: The Smarandache anti-geometry is a non-euclidean geometry that denies all Hilbert's twenty axioms, each axiom being denied in many ways in the same space. In this paper one finds an economics model to this geometry by making the following correlations: (i) A point is the balance in a particular checking account, expressed in U.S. currency. (Points are denoted by capital letters). (ii) A line is a person, who can be a human being. (Lines are denoted by lower case italics). (iii) A plane is a U.S. bank, affiliated to the FDIC. (Planes are denoted by lower case boldface letters). ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0014 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1006.0014v1
title: About Very Perfect Numbers
authors: Mihály Bencze, Florin Popovici, Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this short paper we prove that the square of an odd prime number cannot be a very perfect number. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0013 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1006.0013v1
title: Smarandache Idempotents in Loop Rings Z_tL_n(m) of the Loops L_n(m):
authors: W.B.Vasantha, Moon K. Chetry
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper we establish the existance of S-idempotents in case of loop rings Z_tL_n(m) for a special class of loops L_n(m); over the ring of modulo integers Z_t for a specific value of t. These loops satisfy the conditions g_i² = 1 for every g_i ε L_n(m). We prove Z_tL_n(m) has an S-idempotent when t is a perfect number or when t is of the form 2ⁱp or 3ⁱp (where p is an odd prime) or in general when t = p₁ⁱp₂ (p₁ and p₂ are distinct odd primes). It is important to note that we are able to prove only the existance of a single S-idempotent; however we leave it as an open problem wheather such loop rings have more than one S-idempotent. This paper has three sections. In section one, we give the basic notions about the loops L_n(m) and recall the definition of S-idempotents in rings. In section two, we establish the existance of S-idempotents in the loop ring Z_tL_n(m). In the final section, we suggest some interesting problems based on our study. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0012 7 Jun 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1006.0012v1
title: No-Time-Dilation Corrected Supernovae 1a and GRBs Data and Low-Energy Quantum Gravity
authors: Michael A. Ivanov
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 7 Jun 2010
abstract: Earlier it was shown that in the model of low-energy quantum gravity by the author, observations of Supernovae 1a and GRBs, which are corrected by observers for characteristic for the standard cosmological model time dilation, may be fitted with the theoretical luminosity distance curve only up to z ~ 0:5; for higher redshifts the predicted luminosity distance is essentially bigger. The model itself has not time dilation due to another redshift mechanism. It is shown here that a correction of observations for no time dilation leads to a good accordance of observations and theoretical predictions for all achieved redshifts. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0011 5 Jun 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1006.0011v1
title: Hypothesis on Matter
authors: Nainan K. Varghese
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 5 Jun 2010
abstract: 'Hypothesis on MATTER' is a revolutionary new concept, which explains all physical phenomena based on just one type of (postulated) basic particle - the Quantum of matter. Conception and development of this model is founded on the conviction that there can be only one type of basic entities. They provide substance and create all other real entities in nature. All (apparent) interactions and diverse properties of superior entities are logical developments from inherent properties of the (postulated) quanta of matter. Quanta of matter, by their natural interactions, creates and structure all other entities including an allencompassing medium. A wide array of physical phenomena are explained in the book [1]; from the origin of 3D matter to gravity and subatomic interactions to cosmological events, based on the simple mechanical interactions of quanta of matter. There is no more any need to envisage 'actions at a distance' or to invoke irrational assumptions like diversity of natural forces, mass-energy equivalence, duality of light or constancy of its speed, dual nature of electric charge, singularities, big bang, etc. This new concept will radically alter our understanding of the physical universe and at the same time, explain complex physical phenomena with simple 'Cause and Effect' relationships. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0010 4 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0010v1
title: Perspectives About Density of Universal Cosmic Mass, Density of Space and the a-Temporal Gravitation
authors: Davide Fiscaletti
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 4 Jun 2010
abstract: Clocks are measuring systems for the numerical order, speed and frequency of material changes that run into space. Time does not run into space on its own, time exists only as numerical order, speed and frequency of material change. Stellar objects and particles move into space only and not into time. Gravitational interaction between material objects is the result of curvature of space that is determined by the granular structure of space. Density of the elementary grains of space depends on density of universal cosmic mass, higher is the density of universal cosmic mass lower is the density of grains of empty space. Density of empty space is the physical basis of its curvature. Material objects have a tendency to move into direction of lower density and higher curvature of space. Gravitational interaction mass-space-mass is immediate: the presence of a mass causes change of density of space, change of density of space causes gravitational motion. A mass acts on another mass indirectly via the change of density of empty space. Gravitational interaction between two masses is immediate: no time, namely no duration of motion of a particle or wave in space is needed to transmit gravitational interaction from one to another material object. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0009 4 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0009v1
title: Numerical Order of Physical Events Has no Duration
authors: Davide Fiscaletti, Amrit Sorli
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 4 Jun 2010
abstract: With clocks we measure numerical order t0,t1,t2,...,tn of a physical event. A sequence t_n-1 is "before" a sequence t_n equivalently to natural number n-1 is before natural number n. Numerical order t0,t1,t2,...,tn of a physical event has no duration. It runs in a timeless space where physical time is run of clocks. Duration of an event is a result of experiencing its measurement with a clock through the frame of psychological time "past-present-future" but events happen exclusively in space. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0008 4 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0008v1
title: About Immediate Physical Phenomena and Space as a Direct Medium of Information
authors: Davide Fiscaletti
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 4 Jun 2010
abstract: For several physical phenomena elapsed clock run t for them to happen is zero. These events can be appropriately defined as "immediate physical phenomena" and support the view that, at a fundamental level, time exists only as a run of clocks in a timeless space. Immediate physical phenomena are carried directly by space which functions as a direct information medium. The perspective is opened that the quanta of space that build quantum space assume a crucial role as regards these phenomena. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0007 3 Jun 2010 Mind Science reference: viXra:1006.0007v1
title: Surmounting the Cartesian Cut: Torsion Fields, the Extended Photon, Quantum Jumps, the Klein Bottle, Multivalued Logic, the Time Operator Chronomes, Perception, Semiotics, Neurology and Cognition
authors: Diego L. Rapoport
category: Mind Science
type: submission
date: 3 Jun 2010
abstract: We present a conception that surmounts the Cartesian Cut -prevailing in science-based on a representation of the fusion of the physical 'objective' and the 'subjective' realms. We introduce a mathematical-physics and philosophical theory for the physical realm and its mapping to the cognitive and perceptual realms and a philosophical reflection on the bearings of this fusion in cosmology, cognitive sciences, human and natural systems and its relations with a time operator and the existence of time cycles in Nature's and human systems. This conception surges from the self-referential construction of spacetime through torsion fields and its singularities; in particular the photon's self-referential character, basic to the embodiment of cognition ; we shall elaborate this in detail in perception and neurology. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0006 3 Jun 2010 Religion and Spiritualism reference: viXra:1006.0006v1
title: It's my Lap to Run, But I am not the Best
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: Religion and Spiritualism
type: submission
date: 3 Jun 2010
abstract: There comes a time in life when it's our turn to run the lap. We are handed the baton in life's 4 x 100 meter relay. Perhaps there are others who would do a better job, but they didn't show up for the race. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0005 3 Jun 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1006.0005v1
title: Spacetime Deformations Theory
authors: Jacek Safuta
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 3 Jun 2010
abstract: The spacetime deformations theory unifies general relativity with quantum mechanics i.e. unifies all interactions, answers the questions: why particles have mass and what they are, answers the question: what is energy, unifies force fields and matter, implies new theories like spacetime deformations evolution. This is a theory of principle (universal theory delivering description of nature) and not constructive theory (describing particular phenomenon using specific equations). The theory is falsifiable, background independent (space has no fixed geometry), not generating singularities or boundaries. This is hard to believe but a belief has nothing to with it. The real intellectual challenge is to falsify the theory. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0004 3 Jun 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1006.0004v1
title: A Class of Orthohomological Triangles
authors: Claudiu Coandă, Florentin Smarandache, Ion Pătraşcu
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 3 Jun 2010
abstract: In this article we propose to determine the triangles' class... (see paper for full abstract) ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0003 3 Jun 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1006.0003v1
title: The Hyperbolic Menelaus Theorem in the Poincaré Disc Model of Hyperbolic Geometry
authors: Florentin Smarandache, Catalin Barbu
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 3 Jun 2010
abstract: In this note, we present the hyperbolic Menelaus theorem in the Poincaré disc of hyperbolic geometry. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0002 2 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1006.0002v1
title: Detector of Aether Operating on Transverse Doppler Effect
authors: V.V. Demjanov
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 2 Jun 2010
abstract: Rotating the source of light around the point lying on the light's beam we can observe the transverse Doppler effect by a spectrometer located in the center of rotation. The anomalous shift of the electromagnetic wave's frequency was found from this experiment (performed in 1969-1974 years) that appeared to be much higher than anticipated from the standard relativistic expression taking into account solely the linear velocity of rotation of the source in the laboratory. The interpretation of the experimental observations admitting absolute motion of the Earth and respective accounting for reality of the Lorentz contraction and time dilation enabled us to determine the speed of the Earth relative to luminiferous aether. It appeared to be somewhat above 400 km/s that agrees well with the value formerly found by me using three methods of determining the speed of "aether wind" by Michelson-type interferometers thoroughly accounted for refractive indices of optical media. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1006.0001 2 Jun 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1006.0001v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (131)-(140)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 2 Jun 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (131)-(140) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0112 31 May 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1005.0112v1
title: Fractal Operators in Non-Equilibrium Field Theory
authors: Ervin Goldfain
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 31 May 2010
abstract: Relativistic quantum field theory (QFT) describes fundamental interactions between elementary particles occurring in an energy range up to several hundreds GeV. Extending QFT beyond this range needs to account for the imbalance produced by unsuppressed quantum fluctuations and for the emergence of non-equilibrium phase transitions. Our underlying premise is that fractal operators become mandatory tools when exploring evolution from low-energy physics to the non-equilibrium regime of QFT. Canonical quantization using fractal operators leads to the concept of "complexon", a fractional extension of quantum excitations and a likely candidate for non-baryonic Dark Matter. A discussion on the duality between this new field-theoretic framework and General Relativity is included. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0111 30 May 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1005.0111v1
title: M-Theory
authors: Min-Young Yun
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 30 May 2010
abstract: The behavior of smallest unit that creating from superstring and quark is indeterminate, but can be described as one equation according to macroscopic-rules. So, it is easy to understand in all ages and countries, at any times and places. Newborns speak out the easiest word 'Mom' at the first time they speaking, which Decided the title of the theory. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0110 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0110v1
title: Smarandache Zero Divisors
authors: W.B.Vasantha Kandasamy
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper, we study the notion of Smarandache zero divisor in semigroups and rings. We illustrate them with examples and prove some interesting results about them. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0109 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0109v1
title: A New Equation for the Load Balance Scheduling Based on the Smarandache F-Inferior Part Function
authors: Tatiana Tabirca, Sabin Tabirca
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: This article represents an extension of [Tabirca, 2000a]. A new equation for upper bounds is obtained based on the Smarandache f-inferior part function. An example involving upper diagonal matrices is given in order to illustrate that the new equation provide a better computation. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0108 11 Mar 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0108v1
title: Faster Than Light?
authors: Felice Russo
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: The hypothesis formulated by Smarandache on the possibility that no barriers exist in the Universe for an object to travel at any speed is here shortly analyzed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0107 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0107v1
title: On the Mean Value of the Additive Analogue of Smarandache Function
authors: Yi Yuan, Zhang Wenpeng
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: see paper for abstract ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0106 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0106v1
title: An Introduction to the Smarandache Square Complementary Function
authors: Felice Russo
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper the main properties of Smarandache Square Complementary function has been analyzed. Several problems still unsolved are reported too. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0105 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0105v1
title: Some New Results Concerning the Smarandache Ceil Function
authors: Sabin Tabirca, Tatiana Tabirca
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this article we present two new results concerning the Smarandache Ceil function. The first result proposes an equation for the number of fixed-point number of the Smarandache ceil function. Based on this result we prove that the average of the Smarandache ceil function is Θ(n) . ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0104 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0104v1
title: Factors and Primes in Two Smarandache Sequences
authors: Ralf W. Stephan
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: Using a personal computer and freely available software, the author factored some members of the Smarandache consecutive sequence and the reverse Smarandache sequence. Nearly complete factorizations are given up to Sm(80) and RSm(80). Both sequences were excessively searched for prime members, with only one prime found up to Sm(840) and RSm(750): RSm(82) = 828180...10987654321. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0103 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0103v1
title: Smarandache Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this book for the first time we introduce the notion of Smarandache neutrosophic algebraic structures. Smarandache algebraic structures had been introduced in a series of 10 books. The study of Smarandache algebraic structures has caused a shift of paradigm in the study of algebraic structures. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0102 19 Jun 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0102v2
title: The New Prime Theorem (45)-(70)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: replacement
date: 19 Jun 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (45)-(70) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0102 29 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0102v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (45)-(70)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 29 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (45)-(70) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0101 30 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0101v2
title: Energy Content of Gravitation as a Way to Quantify Both Entropy and Information Generation in the Early Universe
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 30 May 2010
abstract: Based upon Alcubierre's formalism about energy flux of gravitational waves, as well as Saunder's treatment of temperature dependence of the Hubble parameter in the early universe , we initiate a particle count treatment of gravitons, and subsequent entropy generation which gives , via the standard model treatment of the FRW metric a way to explain/ justify a value of entropy of the order of S ~ 10⁶ - 10⁷ at the very onset of inflation. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0101 28 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0101v1
title: Enery Content of Gravitation as a Way to Quantify Both Entropy and Information Generation in the Early Universe
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 28 May 2010
abstract: Based upon Alcubierre's formalism about energy flux of gravitational waves, as well as Saunder's treatment of temperature dependence of the Hubble parameter in the early universe , we initiate a particle count treatment of gravitons, and subsequent entropy generation which gives , via the standard model treatment of the FRW metric a way to explain/ justify a value of entropy of the order of S ~ 10⁶ - 10⁷ at the very onset of inflation. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0100 28 May 2010 History and Philosophy of Physics reference: viXra:1005.0100v1
title: Mathematics is Physics
authors: Dainis Zeps
category: History and Philosophy of Physics
type: submission
date: 28 May 2010
abstract: In series of articles we continue to advance idea that mathematics and physics is the same. We bring forward two basic assumptions as principles. First is the primacy of life as opposed to dominating reductionism, and second - immaturity of epistemology. Second principle says that we have reached stage of epistemology where we have stepped outside simple perceptibility only on level of individuality (since Aristotle) but not on level of collective mind. The last stage have reached only most of religious teachings but not physical science that is still under oppressive influence of reductionism. This causes that what we call research in physical science turns out to be simply instrumental improvement of perception within visional confinement we call field of information. We discuss and try to apply principle that within field of information we can't invent or discover anything that doesn't existing. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0099 26 May 2010 Mind Science reference: viXra:1005.0099v1
title: Learning to Cooperate for Progress in Physics
authors: Jonathan J. Dickau
category: Mind Science
type: submission
date: 26 May 2010
abstract: At the 10^th Frontiers of Fundamental Physics symposium, Gerard 't Hooft stated that, for some of the advances we hope to see in Physics in the future, there must be a great deal of cooperation between researchers from different disciplines, as well as mathematicians, programmers, technologists, and others. Accomplishing this requires a new mindset; however, as so much of our past progress has come out of a fiercely competitive process - especially since a critical review of our ideas about reality remains an essential part of making progress and checking our progress. We must also address the fact that some frameworks appear incompatible, as with relativity and quantum mechanics, which remain at odds despite years of attempts to find a quantum gravity theory. I explore the idea that playful exploration, using both left-brained and right-brained approaches to learning, allows resolution of conflicting ideas by taking advantage of our innate developmental strategies. It may thus foster the kind of interdisciplinary cooperation we are hoping to see. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0098 26 May 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1005.0098v1
title: Block Universe
authors: Amrit S. Sorli
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 26 May 2010
abstract: According to the formalism d = v*t fourth dimension of space-time X₄ = i*c*t is spatial too. Time is not a fourth dimension of space-time. Material change i.e. motion run in a timeless space. Fundamental unit of numeric order t₀,t₁,t₂,...,t_n of material change is Planck time t_p . We measure numeric order of material change with clocks. Material change t_n-1 is "before" material change t_n equivalently as natural number n-1 is "before" natural number n. Numeric order of material change runs in a timeless 4D space and has no duration. Space-time is a timeless phenomenon. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0097 28 May 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0097v2
title: A Brief and Elementary Note on Redshift
authors: José Francisco García Juliá
category: Astrophysics
type: replacement
date: 28 May 2010
abstract: A reasonable explanation of both redshifts: cosmological (without expansion of the universe) and intrinsic, is given using a single tired light mechanism. In the first case, the redshift is produced because the light interacts with microwaves. In the second, the interaction is with radio waves. And all this is compatible with a static universe with a space temperature of 2.7 ^oK. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0097 26 May 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0097v1
title: A Brief and Elementary Note on Redshift
authors: José Francisco García Juliá
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 26 May 2010
abstract: A reasonable explanation of both redshifts: cosmological (without expansion of the universe) and intrinsic, is given using a single tired light mechanism. In the first case, the redshift is produced because the light interacts with microwaves. In the second, the interaction is with radio waves. And all this is compatible with a static universe with a space temperature of 2.7 ^oK. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0096 24 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0096v1
title: The Sieve Method of the Number of Solutions of Goldbach Conjecture (A)
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 24 May 2010
abstract: We can find all solutions of Goldbach conjecture (A) ling in the closed interval [pr+1, N-pr-1], and we can obtain expression of the number of solutions of Goldbach conjecture (A). ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0095 25 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0095v2
title: Mapping Penrose-Rindler Null Tetrads to the Advanced and Retarded Wheeler-Feynman-Aharonov Destiny & History Null Tetrads
authors: Jack Sarfatti
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 25 May 2010
abstract: This is a short mathematical note clarifying the use of Cramer's Transactional Interpretation in the Spinor Qubit Pre-Geometry of Wheeler's IT FROM BIT. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0095 24 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0095v1
title: Mapping Penrose-Rindler Null Tetrads to the Advanced and Retarded Wheeler-Feynman-Aharonov Destiny & History Null Tetrads
authors: Jack Sarfatti
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 24 May 2010
abstract: This is a short mathematical note clarifying the use of Cramer's Transactional Interpretation in the Spinor Qubit Pre-Geometry of Wheeler's IT FROM BIT. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0094 11 Mar 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1005.0094v1
title: Quantum Smarandache Paradoxes
authors: Gheorghe Niculescu
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper one presents four of the smarandacheian paradoxes in physics found in various physics sites or printed material. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0093 11 Mar 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1005.0093v1
title: Smarandache Hypothesis: Evidences, Implications and Applications
authors: Leonardo F. D. da Motta
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In 1972, Smarandache proposed that there is not a limit speed on the nature, based on the EPR-Bell (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, Bell) paradox. Although it appears that this paradox was solved recently, there are many other evidences that guide us to believe that Smarandache Hypothesis is right on quantum mechanics and even on the new unification theories. If Smarandache Hypothesis turns to be right under any circumstance, some concepts of modern physics would have to be "refit" to agree with Smarandache Hypothesis. Moreover, when the meaning of Smarandache Hypothesis become completely understood, a revolution on technology, specially in communication, will arise. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0092 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0092v1
title: Seven Conjectures in Geometry and Number Theory
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this short paper we propose four conjectures in synthetic geometry that generalize Erdos-Mordell Theorem, and three conjectures in number theory that generalize Fermat Numbers. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0091 22 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0091v1
title: The Relativity of Time. the Time of the Relativity
authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 22 May 2010
abstract: Demonstration without mathematical formulas of the theory of special and general relativity of Einstein is false. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0090 24 May 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0090v2
title: A Pervasive Electric Field in the Heliosphere (Part II)
authors: Henry D. May
category: Astrophysics
type: replacement
date: 24 May 2010
abstract: Abstract - In Part I of this paper [1] it is proposed that a static electric potential of about +800 MV is present in the heliosphere, sustained by the continual inflow of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) protons. Charge neutralization cannot occur because the solar wind and electromagnetic fields allow more GCR protons than GCR electrons to pass through the termination shock (TS) into the heliosphere. The result is a quasi-static electric field, at dynamic equilibrium, inside the heliosphere. This paper adds some important details that were not included in Part 1, suggests a new explanation for the Pioneer Anomaly, and makes some clarifications. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0090 21 May 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0090v1
title: A Pervasive Electric Field in the Heliosphere (Part II)
authors: Henry D. May
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 21 May 2010
abstract: Abstract - In Part I of this paper [1] it is proposed that a static electric potential of about +800 MV is present in the heliosphere, sustained by the continual inflow of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) protons. Charge neutralization cannot occur because the solar wind and electromagnetic fields allow more GCR protons than GCR electrons to pass through the termination shock (TS) into the heliosphere. The result is a quasi-static electric field, at dynamic equilibrium, inside the heliosphere. This paper adds some important details that were not included in Part 1, suggests a new explanation for the Pioneer Anomaly, and makes some clarifications. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0089 24 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0089v2
title: Where Does Universal Expansion Equal Gravitational Attraction?
authors: Chris O'Loughlin
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 24 Jun 2010
abstract: A comparison of the attractive motion experienced by masses due to gravitational interaction over relatively short distances with the recessional motion of masses at relatively large distances (that adhere to the velocity increases described by Hubble's v = Hr relation) is presented to demonstrate the similarities between the two motions. Based on the similarities of the two motions, and the observation that gravitational acceleration decreases as distance increases while recessional acceleration decreases as distance decreases the distance at which the two accelerations are equal in magnitude but in opposite directions resulting in zero net acceleration is calculated and compared to similar results provided by Chernin et al. [1]. The summation of the attractive gravitational acceleration and the recessional acceleration is presented and plotted depicting a smooth, continuous transition from gravitational attraction to universal expansion. The underlying cause of these accelerations is not addressed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0089 21 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0089v1
title: Where Does Universal Expansion Equal Gravitational Attraction?
authors: Chris O'Loughlin
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 21 May 2010
abstract: A comparison of the attractive motion experienced by masses due to gravitational interaction over relatively short distances with the recessional motion of masses at relatively large distances (that adhere to the velocity increases described by Hubble's v = Hr relation) is presented to demonstrate the similarities between the two motions. Based on the similarities of the two motions, and the observation that gravitational acceleration decreases as distance increases while recessional acceleration decreases as distance decreases the distance at which the two accelerations are equal in magnitude but in opposite directions resulting in zero net acceleration is calculated and compared to similar results provided by Chernin et al. [1]. The summation of the attractive gravitational acceleration and the recessional acceleration is presented and plotted depicting a smooth, continuous transition from gravitational attraction to universal expansion. The underlying cause of these accelerations is not addressed. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0088 21 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0088v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (44)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 21 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function J₂(ω) we prove that jPⁿ + 9 - j contain infinitely many prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0087 21 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0087v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (43)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 21 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that jP⁸ + k - j contain infinitely many prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0086 21 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0086v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (42)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 21 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that jP⁷ + k - j contain infinitely many prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0085 21 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0085v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (41)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 21 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that jP⁶ + k - j contain infinitely many prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0084 21 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0084v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (40)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 21 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that jP⁵ + k - j contain infinitely many prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0083 21 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0083v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (39)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 21 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that if J₂(ω) ≠ 0 then there are infinitely many primes P such that each of jP⁴ + k - j is a prime, J₂(ω) = 0 then there are finite primes P such that each of jP⁴ + k - j is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0082 21 May 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0082v1
title: Infinite Smarandache Groupoids
authors: A.K.S. Chandra Sekhar Rao
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 21 May 2010
abstract: It is proved that there are infinitely many infinite Smarandache Groupoids. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0081 25 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0081v2
title: The Evaporation of Common Sense
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 25 May 2010
abstract: Common sense left the human mind a hundred years ago. It was forced out by relativity theory. This wildly imaginative work of fiction displaced all the logic humankind had labored so long to establish. People loved it. They were set free of the constraints of disciplined thought. But today we have a problem: relativity and all it has sprouted has taken us down a blind alley. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0081 20 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0081v1
title: The Evaporation of Common Sense
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 20 May 2010
abstract: Common sense left the human mind a hundred years ago. It was forced out by relativity theory. This wildly imaginative work of fiction displaced all the logic humankind had labored so long to establish. People loved it. They were set free of the constraints of disciplined thought. But today we have a problem: relativity and all it has sprouted has taken us down a blind alley. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0080 20 May 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1005.0080v1
title: Multi-Criteria Decision Making Based on DSmT-Ahp
authors: Jean Dezert, Jean-Marc Tacnet, Mireille Batton-Hubert, Florentin Smarandache
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: submission
date: 20 May 2010
abstract: In this paper, we present an extension of the multicriteria decision making based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which incorporates uncertain knowledge matrices for generating basic belief assignments (bba's). The combination of priority vectors corresponding to bba's related to each (sub)-criterion is performed using the Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule no. 5 proposed in Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) of plausible and paradoxical reasoning. The method presented here, called DSmT-AHP, is illustrated on very simple examples. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0079 20 May 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1005.0079v1
title: Non Bayesian Conditioning and Deconditioning
authors: Jean Dezert, Florentin Smarandache
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: submission
date: 20 May 2010
abstract: In this paper, we present a Non-Bayesian conditioning rule for belief revision. This rule is truly Non-Bayesian in the sense that it doesn't satisfy the common adopted principle that when a prior belief is Bayesian, after conditioning by X, Bel(X|X) must be equal to one. Our new conditioning rule for belief revision is based on the proportional conflict redistribution rule of combination developed in DSmT (Dezert-Smarandache Theory) which abandons Bayes' conditioning principle. Such Non-Bayesian conditioning allows to take into account judiciously the level of conflict between the prior belief available and the conditional evidence. We also introduce the deconditioning problem and show that this problem admits a unique solution in the case of Bayesian prior; a solution which is not possible to obtain when classical Shafer and Bayes conditioning rules are used. Several simple examples are also presented to compare the results between this new Non-Bayesian conditioning and the classical one. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0078 20 May 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1005.0078v1
title: An Experimental Evidence of Energy Non-Conservation
authors: Yu Liang, Qichang Liang, Xiaodong Liu
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 20 May 2010
abstract: According to Maxwell's theory, the displacement current in vacuum can produce electromotive force on conducting current. However, the displacement current in vacuum does not experience electromotive force from conducting current. The asymmetrical electromotive forces result in non-conserved energy transmission between any two coils involving displacement current and conducting current. In this work, we designed and performed the measurements for such effect. We observed the explicit evidences of non-conserved energy transmission between a toroid solenoid and a parallel plate capacitor. The measured energy increase is well predicted by the numerical estimation. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0077 19 May 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1005.0077v1
title: Fusion of Masses Defined on Infinite Countable Frames of Discernment
authors: Florentin Smarandache, Arnaud Martin
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: submission
date: 19 May 2010
abstract: In this paper we introduce for the first time the fusion of information on infinite discrete frames of discernment and we give general results of the fusion of two such masses using the Dempster's rule and the PCR5 rule for Bayesian and non-Bayesian cases. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0076 19 May 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1005.0076v1
title: Degree of Uncertainty of a Set and of a Mass
authors: Florentin Smarandache, Arnaud Martin
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: submission
date: 19 May 2010
abstract: In this paper we use extend Harley's measure of uncertainty of a set and of mass to the degree of uncertainty of a set and of a mass (bba). ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0075 19 May 2010 Functions and Analysis reference: viXra:1005.0075v1
title: The Theory of Distributions Applied to Divergent Integrals of the Form (See Paper for Equation)
authors: Jose Javier Garcia Moreta
category: Functions and Analysis
type: submission
date: 19 May 2010
abstract: In this paper we review some results on the regularization of divergent integrals of the form ... (see paper for full abstract) ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0074 16 Aug 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1005.0074v3
title: Relating the Physical Structure and Properties of Quantum Space-Time to Elementary Particles, Gravity, and Relativistic Phenomena
authors: Gary Heen
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: replacement
date: 16 Aug 2010
abstract: Modern theory states that matter and energy in their most basic form exist in discrete amounts, or quanta. The author proffers that space-time also exists as discrete quanta, and derives a physical model of space-time and elementary particles. The hypothesis for this space-time model is that the quanta for matter and space-time are convertible states of the same elementary building block: the quantum mass unit. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0074 23 May 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1005.0074v2
title: Relating the Physical Structure and Properties of Quantum Space-Time to Elementary Particles, Gravity, and Relativistic Phenomena
authors: Gary Heen
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: replacement
date: 23 May 2010
abstract: Modern theory states that matter and energy in their most basic form exist in discrete amounts, or quanta. The author proffers that space-time also exists as discrete quanta, and derives a physical model of space-time and elementary particles. The hypothesis for this space-time model is that the quanta for matter and space-time are convertible states of the same elementary building block: the quantum mass unit. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0074 18 May 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1005.0074v1
title: Relating the Physical Structure and Properties of Quantum Space-Time to Elementary Particles, Gravity, and Relativistic Phenomena
authors: Gary Heen
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 18 May 2010
abstract: Modern theory states that matter and energy in their most basic form exist in discrete amounts, or quanta. The author proffers that space-time also exists as discrete quanta, and derives a physical model of space-time and elementary particles. The hypothesis for this space-time model is that the quanta for matter and space-time are convertible states of the same elementary building block: the quantum mass unit. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0073 24 May 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1005.0073v3
title: Relativistic Effects of Relative Velocity of Material Change Start Above Photon Scale
authors: Amrit S. Sorli
category: Quantum Physics
type: replacement
date: 24 May 2010
abstract: Constancy of the light velocity in different inertial systems and areas of space with different gravity implies that relativistic effects of relative velocity of material change start on the scale above photon. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0073 22 May 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1005.0073v2
title: Relativistic Effects of Relative Velocity of Material Change Start Above Photon Scale
authors: Amrit S. Sorli
category: Quantum Physics
type: replacement
date: 22 May 2010
abstract: Constancy of the light velocity in different inertial systems and areas of space with different gravity implies that relativistic effects of relative velocity of material change start on the scale above photon. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0073 18 May 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1005.0073v1
title: Relativistic Gravitational Effects Start Above Photon Scale
authors: Amrit S. Sorli
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 18 May 2010
abstract: Constancy of the light velocity in areas of space with different gravity implies that relativistic gravitational effects start on the scale above photon. At the photon scale and below physical phenomena have no relativistic gravitational effects. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0072 23 May 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1005.0072v2
title: The Basis of Quantum Mechanics' Compatibility with Relativity Whose Impairment Gives Rise to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac Equations
authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: replacement
date: 23 May 2010
abstract: Solitary-particle quantum mechanics' inherent compatibility with special relativity is implicit in Schrödinger's postulated wave-function rule for the operator quantization of the particle's canonical threemomentum, taken together with his famed time-dependent wave-function equation that analogously treats the operator quantization of its Hamiltonian. The resulting formally four-vector equation system assures proper relativistic covariance for any solitary-particle Hamiltonian operator which, together with its canonical three-momentum operator, is a Lorentz-covariant four-vector operator. This, of course, is always the case for the quantization of the Hamiltonian of a properly relativistic classical theory, so the strong correspondence principle definitely remains valid in the relativistic domain. Klein-Gordon theory impairs this four-vector equation by iterating and contracting it, thereby injecting extraneous negative-energy solutions that are not orthogonal to their positive-energy counterparts of the same momentum, thus destroying the basis of the quantum probability interpretation. Klein-Gordon theory, which thus depends on the square of the Hamiltonian operator, is as well thereby cut adrift from Heisenberg's equations of motion. Dirac theory confuses the space-time symmetry of the four-vector equation system with such symmetry for its time component alone, which it fatuously imposes, thereby breaching the strong correspondence principle for the free particle and imposing the starkly unphysical momentum-independence of velocity. Physically sensible alternatives, with external electromagnetic fields, to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are derived, and the simple, elegant symmetry-based approach to antiparticles is pointed out. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0072 18 May 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1005.0072v1
title: The Basis of Quantum Mechanics' Compatibility with Relativity Whose Impairment Gives Rise to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac Equations
authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 18 May 2010
abstract: Solitary-particle quantum mechanics' inherent compatibility with special relativity is implicit in Schrödinger's postulated wave-function rule for the operator quantization of the particle's canonical threemomentum, taken together with his famed time-dependent wave-function equation that analogously treats the operator quantization of its Hamiltonian. The resulting formally four-vector equation system assures proper relativistic covariance for any solitary-particle Hamiltonian operator which, together with its canonical three-momentum operator, is a Lorentz-covariant four-vector operator. This, of course, is always the case for the quantization of the Hamiltonian of a properly relativistic classical theory, so the strong correspondence principle definitely remains valid in the relativistic domain. Klein-Gordon theory impairs this four-vector equation by iterating and contracting it, thereby injecting extraneous negative-energy solutions that are not orthogonal to their positive-energy counterparts of the same momentum, thus destroying the basis of the quantum probability interpretation. Klein-Gordon theory, which thus depends on the square of the Hamiltonian operator, is as well thereby cut adrift from Heisenberg's equations of motion. Dirac theory confuses the space-time symmetry of the four-vector equation system with such symmetry for its time component alone, which it fatuously imposes, thereby breaching the strong correspondence principle for the free particle and imposing the starkly unphysical momentum-independence of velocity. Physically sensible alternatives, with external electromagnetic fields, to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are derived, and the simple, elegant symmetry-based approach to antiparticles is pointed out. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0071 17 May 2010 Functions and Analysis reference: viXra:1005.0071v1
title: Product of Distributions and Zeta Regularization of Divergent Integrals ∫ X^m-Sdx and Fourier Transforms
authors: Jose Javier Garcia Moreta
category: Functions and Analysis
type: submission
date: 17 May 2010
abstract: Using the theory of distributions and Zeta regularization we manage to give a definition of product for Dirac delta distributions, we show how the fact of one can be define a coherent and finite product of dDirac delta distributions is related to the regularization of divergent integrals ... (see paper for full abstract) ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0070 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0070v1
title: Set Linear Algebra and Set Fuzzy Linear Algebra
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, K Ilanthenral
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this book, the authors define the new notion of set vector spaces which is the most generalized form of vector spaces. Set vector spaces make use of the least number of algebraic operations, therefore, even a non-mathematician is comfortable working with it. It is with the passage of time, that we can think of set linear algebras as a paradigm shift from linear algebras. Here, the authors have also given the fuzzy parallels of these new classes of set linear algebras. This book abounds with examples to enable the reader to understand these new concepts easily. Laborious theorems and proofs are avoided to make this book approachable for nonmathematicians. The concepts introduced in this book can be easily put to use by coding theorists, cryptologists, computer scientists, and socio-scientists. Another special feature of this book is the final chapter containing 304 problems. The authors have suggested so many problems to make the students and researchers obtain a better grasp of the subject. This book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter briefly recalls some of the basic concepts in order to make this book self-contained. Chapter two introduces the notion of set vector spaces which is the most generalized concept of vector spaces. Set vector spaces lends itself to define new classes of vector spaces like semigroup vector spaces and group vector 6 spaces. These are also generalization of vector spaces. The fuzzy analogue of these concepts are given in Chapter three. In Chapter four, set vector spaces are generalized to biset bivector spaces and not set vector spaces. This is done taking into account the advanced information technology age in which we live. As mathematicians, we have to realize that our computer-dominated world needs special types of sets and algebraic structures. Set n-vector spaces and their generalizations are carried out in Chapter five. Fuzzy n-set vector spaces are introduced in the sixth chapter. The seventh chapter suggests more than three hundred problems. When a researcher sets forth to solve them, she/he will certainly gain a deeper understanding of these new notions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0069 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0069v1
title: Smarandache Semirings and Semifields
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper we study the notion of Smarandache semirings and semifields and obtain some interesting results about them. We show that not every semiring is a Smarandache semiring. We similarly prove that not every semifield is a Smarandache semifield. We give several examples to make the concept lucid. Further, we propose an open problem about the existence of Smarandache semiring S of finite order. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0068 11 Mar 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1005.0068v1
title: Randomness and Optimal Estimation in Data Sampling
authors: M. Khoshnevisan, S. Saxena, H. P. Singh, S. Singh, Florentin Smarandache
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: The purpose of this book is to postulate some theories and test them numerically. Estimation is often a difficult task and it has wide application in social sciences and financial market. In order to obtain the optimum efficiency for some classes of estimators, we have devoted this book into three specialized sections. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0067 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0067v1
title: The Smarandache P and S Persistence of a Prime
authors: Felice Russo
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: The Smarandache P and S persistence of a prime ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0066 16 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0066v1
title: Relativistic Mass Macrobodies
authors: Vladislav Konovalov
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 16 May 2010
abstract: The relativistic growth of mass macrobodies differs from microparticles ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0065 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0065v1
title: Smarandache Pseudo-Ideals
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper we study the Smarandache pseudo-ideals of a Smarandache ring. We prove every ideal is a Smarandache pseudo-ideal in a Smarandache ring but every Smarandache pseudo-ideal in general is not an ideal. Further we show that every polynomial ring over a field and group rings FG of the group G over any field are Smarandache rings. We pose some interesting problems about them. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0064 15 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0064v1
title: Santilli's Isoprime Theory
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 15 May 2010
abstract: We establish the Santilli's isomathematics based on the generalization of the modern mathematics. (see paper for rest of abstract with equations) ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0063 17 Jun 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0063v4
title: On Planetary Electromagnetism and Gravity
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Astrophysics
type: replacement
date: 17 Jun 2010
abstract: Study of the interiors of the various terrestrial planets, as presented in the paper, leads to the possibility of planetary gravity being linked to the electromagnetism generated in the planetary interiors. Findings of the study undertaken suggest that Earth's gravitational attraction may be attributed to magnetic coupling experienced between Earth's electromagnetism and all the earthly objects - electrically charged or uncharged. More precisely, terrestrial gravity is deemed to be outcome of the bound state of the planetary electromagnetism. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0063 8 Jun 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0063v3
title: On Planetary Electromagnetism and Gravity
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Astrophysics
type: replacement
date: 8 Jun 2010
abstract: Study of the interiors of the various terrestrial planets, as presented in the paper, leads to the possibility of planetary gravity being linked to the electromagnetism generated in the planetary interiors. Findings of the study undertaken suggest that Earth's gravitational attraction may be attributed to magnetic coupling experienced between Earth's electromagnetism and all the earthly objects - electrically charged or uncharged. More precisely, terrestrial gravity is deemed to be outcome of the bound state of the planetary electromagnetism. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0063 7 Jun 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0063v2
title: On Planetary Electromagnetism and Gravity
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Astrophysics
type: replacement
date: 7 Jun 2010
abstract: Study of the interiors of the various terrestrial planets, as presented in the paper, leads to the possibility of planetary gravity being linked to the electromagnetism generated in the planetary interiors. Findings of the study undertaken suggest that earth's gravitational attraction may be attributed to magnetic coupling experienced between earth's electromagnetism and all the earthly objects - electrically charged or uncharged. More precisely, terrestrial gravity is deemed to be outcome of the bound state of the planetary electromagnetism. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0063 15 May 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0063v1
title: On Planetary Electromagnetism and Gravity
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 15 May 2010
abstract: Study of the interiors of various terrestrial planets, as presented in the paper, leads to the possibility of planetary gravity being related to the electromagnetism generated in the planetary interiors. Findings of the study undertaken suggest that Earth's gravitational attraction may be attributed to magnetic coupling experienced between Earth's electromagnetism and all the earthly objects - electrically charged or uncharged. More precisely, terrestrial gravity is deemed to be outcome of the bound state of the planetary electromagnetism. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0062 30 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0062v2
title: Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to Space Time Physics & Deceleration Parameter ( DM Generated DE Replacement?)
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 30 May 2010
abstract: Contains specific elaboration of material on Glinkas quantum gas hypothesis, as far as a counting algorithm, and also attempts to show possible commonality between semi classical theories, and brane world interpretations ( higher dimensions) while addressing the issue of what are the implications of a small graviton mass in 4 dimensions, i.e. the violations of the correspondence/ complimentarity principle. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0062 14 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0062v1
title: Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to Space Time Physics & Deceleration Parameter ( DM Generated DE Replacement?)
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 14 May 2010
abstract: Contains specific elaboration of material on Glinkas quantum gas hypothesis, as far as a counting algorithm, and also attempts to show possible commonality between semi classical theories, and brane world interpretations ( higher dimensions) while addressing the issue of what are the implications of a small graviton mass in 4 dimensions, i.e. the violations of the correspondence/ complimentarity principle. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0061 14 May 2010 Set Theory and Logic reference: viXra:1005.0061v1
title: Verification of Axioms Solving the Continuum-Problem
authors: Dm. Vatolin
category: Set Theory and Logic
type: submission
date: 14 May 2010
abstract: means of ZF theory the axioms, solving the continuum problem, are verified.set power. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0060 17 May 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1005.0060v2
title: The Galois Solvable Fourth Roots of Reality
authors: Jack Sarfatti
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: replacement
date: 17 May 2010
abstract: Local observers are defined by orthonormal "non-holonomic" (aka "non-coordinate") tetrad gravity fields (Cartan's "moving frames"). The tetrads are spin 1 vector fields under the 6-parameter homogeneous Lorentz group SO_1,3 of Einstein's 1905 special relativity. You can think of the tetrad gravity fields as the square roots of Einstein's 1916 spin 2 metric tensor gravity fields. We will see that we must also allow for spin 0 and spin 1 gravity because the spin 1 tetrads, in turn, are Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled quantum states of pairs of 2-component Penrose-Rindler qubits in the quantum pregeometry. The Wheeler-Feynman qubits are the square roots of the advanced and retarded null tetrads and can therefore be called the Galois solvable fourth roots of reality. The spherical wavefront tetrads are then formally the Bell pair states of quantum information theory. Penrose's Cartesian tetrads are a different choice from mine here. The different tetrad choices correspond to the different contours around the photon propagator poles in the complex energy plane of quantum electrodynamics. Both of his spinors in his spin frame are retarded in the same light cone, e.g. the forward cone. It seems that Penrose and Rindler implicitly answered Wheeler's question of how IT comes from BIT, but no one realized it until now. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0060 14 May 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1005.0060v1
title: The Galois Solvable Fourth Roots of Reality
authors: Jack Sarfatti
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 14 May 2010
abstract: Local observers are defined by orthonormal "non-holonomic" (aka "non-coordinate") tetrad gravity fields (Cartan's "moving frames"). The tetrads are spin 1 vector fields under the 6-parameter homogeneous Lorentz group SO1,3 of Einstein's 1905 special relativity. You can think of the tetrad gravity fields as the square roots of Einstein's 1916 spin 2 metric tensor gravity fields. We will see that we must also allow for spin 0 and spin 1 gravity because the spin 1 tetrads, in turn, are Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled quantum states of pairs of 2-component Penrose-Rindler qubits in the quantum pregeometry. The Wheeler-Feynman qubits are the square roots of the advanced and retarded null tetrads and can therefore be called the Galois solvable fourth roots of reality. The spherical wavefront tetrads are then formally the Bell pair states of quantum information theory. Penrose's Cartesian tetrads are a different choice from mine here. The different tetrad choices correspond to the different contours around the photon propagator poles in the complex energy plane of quantum electrodynamics. Both of his spinors in his spin frame are retarded in the same light cone, e.g. the forward cone. It seems that Penrose and Rindler implicitly answered Wheeler's question of how IT comes from BIT, but no one realized it until now. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0059 14 May 2010 Set Theory and Logic reference: viXra:1005.0059v1
title: Geometrical Axioms Refuting the Continuum-Hypothesis
authors: Dm. Vatolin
category: Set Theory and Logic
type: submission
date: 14 May 2010
abstract: This article formulates three geometrical axioms from which it follows that the continuum power is greater then any well-ordered set power. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0058 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0058v1
title: Partition of a Set Which Contains an Infinite Arithmetic (Respectively Geometric) Progression
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: We prove that for any partition of a set which contains an infinite arithmetic (respectively geometric) progression into two subsets, at least one of these subsets contains an infinite number of triplets such that each triplet is an arithmetic (respectively geometric) progression. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0057 11 Mar 2010 Social Science reference: viXra:1005.0057v1
title: Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of Periyar's Views on Untouchability
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, K. Kandasamy
category: Social Science
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: K.R.Narayanan was a lauded hero and a distinguished victim of his Dalit background. Even in an international platform when he was on an official visit to Paris, the media headlines blazed, 'An Untouchable at Elysee'. He was visibly upset and it proved that a Dalit who rose up to such heights was never spared from the pangs of outcaste-ness and untouchability, which is based on birth. Thus, if the erstwhile first citizen of India faces such humiliation, what will be the plight of the last man who is a Dalit? As one of the world's largest socio-economically oppressed, culturally subjugated and politically marginalized group of people, the 138 million Dalits in India suffer not only from the excesses of the traditional oppressor castes, but also from State Oppression - which includes, but is not limited to, authoritarianism, police brutality, economic embargo, criminalization of activists, electoral violence, repressive laws that aim to curb fundamental rights, and the non-implementation of laws that safeguard Dalit rights. The Dalits were considered untouchable for thousands of years by the Hindu society until the Constitution of India officially abolished the practice of untouchability in 1950. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0056 11 Mar 2010 General Science and Philosophy reference: viXra:1005.0056v1
title: Paradoxism's Main Roots
authors: Florin Vasiliu
category: General Science and Philosophy
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: Paradoxism's Main Roots ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0055 11 Mar 2010 Social Science reference: viXra:1005.0055v1
title: Reservation for Other Backward Classes in Indian Central Government Institutions Like Iits, Iims and Aiims a Study of the Role of Media Using Fuzzy Super FRM Models
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, K. Kandasamy
category: Social Science
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: The new notions of super column FRM model, super row FRM model and mixed super FRM model are introduced in this book. These three models are introduced specially to analyze the biased role of the print media on 27 percent reservation for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in educational institutions run by the Indian Central Government. This book has four chapters. In chapter one the authors introduce the three types of super FRM models. Chapter two uses these three new super fuzzy models to study the role of media which feverishly argued against 27 percent reservation for OBCs in Central Government-run institutions in India. The experts we consulted were divided into 19 groups depending on their profession. These groups of experts gave their opinion and comments on the news-items that appeared about reservations in dailies and weekly magazines, and the gist of these lengthy discussions form the third chapter of this book. The fourth chapter gives the conclusions based on our study. Our study was conducted from April 2006 to March 2007, at which point of time the Supreme Court of India stayed the 27 percent reservation for OBCs in the IITs, IIMs and AIIMS. After the aforesaid injunction from the Supreme Court, the experts did not wish to give their opinion since the matter was sub-judice. The authors deeply acknowledge the service of each and every expert who contributed their opinion and thus made this book a possibility. We have analyzed the data using the opinion of the experts who formed a heterogeneous group consisting of administrators, lawyers, OBC/SC/ST students, upper caste students and Brahmin students, educationalists, university vice-chancellors, directors, professors, teachers, retired Judges, principals of colleges, parents, journalists, members of the public, politicians, doctors, engineers, NGOs and government staff. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0054 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0054v1
title: Some Smarandache Problems
authors: Mladen V. Vassilev-Missana, Krassimir T. Atanassov
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: During the five years since publishing [2], we have obtained many new results related to the Smarandache problems. We are happy to have the opportunity to present them in this book for the enjoyment of a wider audience of readers. The problems in Chapter two have also been solved and published separately by the authors, but it makes sense to collate them here so that they can be better seen in perspective as a whole, particularly in relation to the problems elucidated in Chapter one. Many of the problems, and more especially the techniques employed in their solution, have wider applicability than just the Smarandache problems, and so they should be of more general interest to other mathematicians, particularly both professional and amateur number theorists. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0053 11 Mar 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1005.0053v1
title: Solved Problems of Geometry and Trigonometry for College Students.
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: Solved problems of geometry and trigonometry for college students. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0052 14 May 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1005.0052v1
title: Tetron Model Building
authors: Bodo Lampe
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 14 May 2010
abstract: Spin models are considered on a discretized inner symmetry space with tetrahedral symmetry as possible dynamical schemes for the tetron model. Parity violation, which corresponds to a change of sign for odd permutations, is shown to dictate the form of the Hamiltonian. It is further argued that such spin models can be obtained from more fundamental principles by considering a (7+1)-dimensional spacetime with octonion multiplication. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0051 5 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0051v8
title: Big Bang Model? a Critical Review
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 5 Aug 2010
abstract: Inflationary hot Big Bang model is the generally accepted theory for the origin of universe. Nonetheless, findings of the observational astronomy as also the revelations in the field of fundamental physics over the past two decades question validity of the 'Big Bang' model as a viable theory for origin of the universe. This paper examines a few of the various factors which undermine the theory of the big Bang, including the organization of galactic superstructures, the Cosmic Microwave Background, redshifts, distant galaxies, age of local galaxies, and the gravitational waves. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0051 2 Aug 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0051v7
title: Big Bang Model? a Critical Review
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 2 Aug 2010
abstract: Inflationary hot Big Bang model is the generally accepted theory for the origin of universe. Nonetheless, findings of the observational astronomy as also the revelations in the field of fundamental physics over the past two decades question validity of the 'Big Bang' model as a viable theory for origin of the universe. This paper examines a few of the various factors which undermine the theory of the big Bang, including the organization of galactic superstructures, the Cosmic Microwave Background, redshifts, distant galaxies, age of local galaxies, and the gravitational waves. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0051 22 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0051v6
title: Big Bang Model? a Critical Review
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 22 Jun 2010
abstract: Inflationary hot Big Bang model is the generally accepted theory for the origin of universe. Nonetheless, findings of the observational astronomy as also the revelations in the field of fundamental physics over the past two decades question validity of the 'Big Bang' model as a viable theory for origin of the universe. This paper examines a few of the various factors which undermine the theory of the big Bang, including the organization of galactic superstructures, the Cosmic Microwave Background, redshifts, distant galaxies, age of local galaxies, and the gravitational waves. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0051 7 Jun 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0051v5
title: Big Bang Model? a Critical Review
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 7 Jun 2010
abstract: Inflationary hot Big Bang model is the generally accepted theory for the origin of universe. Nonetheless, findings of the observational astronomy as also the revelations in the field of fundamental physics over the past two decades question validity of the 'Big Bang' model as a viable theory for origin of the universe. This paper examines a few of the various factors which undermine the theory of the big Bang, including the organization of galactic superstructures, the Cosmic Microwave Background, redshifts, distant galaxies, age of local galaxies, and the gravitational waves. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0051 27 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0051v4
title: Big Bang Model? a Critical Review
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 27 May 2010
abstract: Inflationary Big Bang model is the generally accepted theory for the origin of universe. Nonetheless, findings of the observational astronomy as also the revelations in the field of fundamental physics over the past two decades question validity of the 'Big Bang' model as a viable theory for origin of the universe. This paper examines a few of the various factors which undermine the theory of the big Bang , including the organization of galactic superstructures, the Cosmic Microwave Background, distant galaxies, gravitational waves, redshifts, and the age of local galaxies. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0051 26 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0051v3
title: Big Bang Model? a Critical Review
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 26 May 2010
abstract: Inflationary Big Bang model is the generally accepted theory for the origin of universe. Nonetheless, findings of the observational astronomy as also the revelations in the field of fundamental physics over the past two decades question validity of the 'Big Bang' model as a viable theory for origin of the universe. This paper examines a few of the various factors which undermine the theory of the big Bang , including the organization of galactic superstructures, the Cosmic Microwave Background, distant galaxies, gravitational waves, redshifts, and the age of local galaxies. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0051 20 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0051v2
title: Big Bang ? a Critical Review
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 20 May 2010
abstract: Inflationary Big Bang model is the generally accepted theory for the origin of universe. Nonetheless, findings of the observational astronomy as also the revelations in the field of fundamental physics over the past two decades question validity of the 'Big Bang' model as a viable theory for origin of the universe. This paper examines a few of the various factors which undermine the theory of the big Bang, including the organization of galactic superstructures, the Cosmic Microwave Background, distant galaxies, gravitational waves, redshifts, and the age of local galaxies. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0051 14 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0051v1
title: Big Bang ? a Critical Review
authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 14 May 2010
abstract: Inflationary Big Bang model is the generally accepted theory for the origin of universe. Nonetheless, findings of the observational astronomy as also the revelations in the field of fundamental physics over the past two decades question validity of the 'Big Bang' model as a viable theory for origin of the universe. This paper examines a few of the various factors which undermine the theory of the big Bang, including the organization of galactic superstructures, the Cosmic Microwave Background, distant galaxies, gravitational waves, redshifts, and the age of local galaxies. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0050 14 May 2010 History and Philosophy of Physics reference: viXra:1005.0050v1
title: Theory Cannot Choose from Its Several Possible Interpretations
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: History and Philosophy of Physics
type: submission
date: 14 May 2010
abstract: A theory can be interpreted several different ways. Which interpretation is "the correct interpretation" is well nigh impossible to determine. For that reason, we select the one that best fits our concept of what reality is. That means we choose on the basis of metaphysics. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0049 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0049v1
title: Only Problems not Solutions
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: The development of mathematics continues in a rapid rhythm, some unsolved problems are elucidated and simultaneously new open problems to be solved appear. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0048 11 Mar 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1005.0048v1
title: Estimation of Mean in Presence of Non Response Using Exponential Estimator
authors: Rajesh Singh, Mukesh Kumar, Manoj K. Chaudhary, Florentin Smarandache
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: This paper considers the problem of estimating the population mean using information on auxiliary variable in presence of non response. Exponential ratio and exponential product type estimators have been suggested and their properties are studied. An empirical study is carried out to support the theoretical results. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0047 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0047v1
title: A Method of Solving Certain Nonlinear Diophantine Equations
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper we propose a method of solving a Nonlinear Diophantine Equation by converting it into a System of Diophantine Linear Equations. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0046 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0046v1
title: N-Linear Algebra of Type II
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: This book is a continuation of the book n-linear algebra of type I and its applications. Most of the properties that could not be derived or defined for n-linear algebra of type I is made possible in this new structure: n-linear algebra of type II which is introduced in this book. In case of n-linear algebra of type II, we are in a position to define linear functionals which is one of the marked difference between the n-vector spaces of type I and II. However all the applications mentioned in n-linear algebras of type I can be appropriately extended to n-linear algebras of type II. Another use of n-linear algebra (n-vector spaces) of type II is that when this structure is used in coding theory we can have different types of codes built over different finite fields whereas this is not possible in the case of n-vector spaces of type I. Finally in the case of n-vector spaces of type II we can obtain neigen values from distinct fields; hence, the n-characteristic polynomials formed in them are in distinct different fields. An attractive feature of this book is that the authors have suggested 120 problems for the reader to pursue in order to understand this new notion. This book has three chapters. In the first chapter the notion of n-vector spaces of type II are introduced. This chapter gives over 50 theorems. Chapter two introduces the notion of n-inner product vector spaces of type II, n-bilinear forms and n-linear functionals. The final chapter 6 suggests over a hundred problems. It is important that the reader should be well versed with not only linear algebra but also nlinear algebras of type I. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0045 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0045v1
title: N-Linear Algebra of Type I and Its Applications
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: With the advent of computers one needs algebraic structures that can simultaneously work with bulk data. One such algebraic structure namely n-linear algebras of type I are introduced in this book and its applications to n-Markov chains and n-Leontief models are given. These structures can be thought of as the generalization of bilinear algebras and bivector spaces. Several interesting n-linear algebra properties are proved. This book has four chapters. The first chapter just introduces n-group which is essential for the definition of nvector spaces and n-linear algebras of type I. Chapter two gives the notion of n-vector spaces and several related results which are analogues of the classical linear algebra theorems. In case of n-vector spaces we can define several types of linear transformations. The notion of n-best approximations can be used for error correction in coding theory. The notion of n-eigen values can be used in deterministic modal superposition principle for undamped structures, which can find its applications in finite element analysis of mechanical structures with uncertain parameters. Further it is suggested that the concept of nmatrices can be used in real world problems which adopts fuzzy models like Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Fuzzy Relational Equations and Bidirectional Associative Memories. The applications of 6 these algebraic structures are given in Chapter 3. Chapter four gives some problem to make the subject easily understandable. The authors deeply acknowledge the unflinching support of Dr.K.Kandasamy, Meena and Kama. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0044 11 Mar 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1005.0044v1
title: Fuzzy Interval Matrices, Neutrosophic Interval Matrices and Their Applications
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: The new concept of fuzzy interval matrices has been introduced in this book for the first time. The authors have not only introduced the notion of fuzzy interval matrices, interval neutrosophic matrices and fuzzy neutrosophic interval matrices but have also demonstrated some of its applications when the data under study is an unsupervised one and when several experts analyze the problem. Further, the authors have introduced in this book multiexpert models using these three new types of interval matrices. The new multi expert models dealt in this book are FCIMs, FRIMs, FCInMs, FRInMs, IBAMs, IBBAMs, nIBAMs, FAIMs, FAnIMS, etc. Illustrative examples are given so that the reader can follow these concepts easily. This book has three chapters. The first chapter is introductory in nature and makes the book a self-contained one. Chapter two introduces the concept of fuzzy interval matrices. Also the notion of fuzzy interval matrices, neutrosophic interval matrices and fuzzy neutrosophic interval matrices, can find applications to Markov chains and Leontief economic models. Chapter three gives the application of fuzzy interval matrices and neutrosophic interval matrices to real-world problems by constructing the models already mentioned. Further these models are mainly useful when the data is an unsupervised one and when one needs a multi-expert model. The new concept of fuzzy interval matrices and neutrosophic interval matrices will find their applications in engineering, medical, industrial, social and psychological problems. We have given a long list of references to help the interested reader. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0043 12 May 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1005.0043v1
title: Proposing the Existence of a New Symmetry Called the Wick Symmetry-Representation of a Particle as a Primary Gas vi
authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 12 May 2010
abstract: The author discusses the similarity between the expression for the state function of the primary gas representing a particle and that of the wave function. It is observed that the only difference between these two expressions is that in the former time appears as a real function while in the latter it appears as an imaginary function. He shows that the primary gas approach which treats time as a real and the quantum mechanical approach which treats time as imaginary are two ways of representing the same reality and points to a new symmetry called the Wick symmetry. He shows that the probability postulate of quantum mechanics can be understood in a very simple and natural manner based on the primary gas representation of the particle. It is shown that the zero point energy of the quantum mechanics is nothing but the energy of the thermal bath formed by the vacuum fluctuations in the Higgs field. He shows that the quantum mechanics is nothing but the thermodynamics of the primary gas where time has not lost its directional symmetry. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0042 11 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0042v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (20)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any there are infinitely many primes P such that each of jP^P₀ + j+1 is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0041 11 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0041v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (19)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any there are infinitely many primes P such that each of P^P₀ + 4ⁿ is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0040 11 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0040v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (18)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any there are infinitely many primes kPsuch that each of P^P₀ + (2j)² is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0039 11 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0039v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (17)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any there are infinitely many primes kPsuch that each of P^P₀ + j(j+1) is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0038 11 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0038v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (16)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any k there are infinitely many primes P such that each of jP⁵ + j +1 is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0037 11 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0037v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (15)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any k there are infinitely many primes P such that each of P⁵ + 4ⁿ is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0036 11 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0036v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (14)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any k there are infinitely many primes P such that each of P⁵ + (2j)² is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0035 11 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0035v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (13)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any k there are infinitely many primes P such that each of P⁵ + j( j +1) is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0034 12 May 2010 History and Philosophy of Physics reference: viXra:1005.0034v2
title: Our Artificial Reality Created by Theory
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: History and Philosophy of Physics
type: replacement
date: 12 May 2010
abstract: Theory is a template, a schematic of what we think reality is. We see reality according to the template. What does not conform to the template is excised. For that reason, much that occurs in the world is not seen. That is how we miss the great discoveries going on right under our noses. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0034 11 May 2010 History and Philosophy of Physics reference: viXra:1005.0034v1
title: Our Artificial Reality Created by Theory
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: History and Philosophy of Physics
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: Theory is a template, a schematic of what we think reality is. We see reality according to the template. What does not conform to the template is excised. For that reason, much that occurs in the world is not seen. That is how we miss the great discoveries going on right under our noses. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0033 11 May 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1005.0033v1
title: Covariant Isolation from an Abelian Gauge Field of Its Nondynamical Potential, Which, When Fed Back, Can Transform Into a "Confining Yukawa"
authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 11 May 2010
abstract: For Abelian gauge theory a properly relativistic gauge is developed by supplementing the Lorentz condition with causal determination of the time component of the four-vector potential by retarded Coulomb transformation of the charge density. This causal Lorentz gauge agrees with the Coulomb gauge for static charge densities, but allows the four-vector potential to have a longitudinal component that is determined by the time derivative of the four-vector potential's time component. Just as in Coulomb gauge, the two transverse components of the four-vector potential are its sole dynamical part. The four-vector potential in this gauge covariantly separates into a dynamical transverse four-vector potential and a nondynamical timelike/longitudinal four-vector potential, where each of these two satisfies the Lorentz condition. In fact, analogous partition of the conserved four-current shows each to satisfy a Lorentz-condition Maxwellequation system with its own conserved four-current. Because of this complete separation, either of these four-vector potentials can be tinkered with without affecting its counterpart. Since it satisfies the Lorentz condition, the nondynamical four-vector potential times a constant with dimension of inverse length squared is itself a conserved four-current, and so can be fed back into its own source current, which transforms its time component into an extended Yukawa, with both exponentially decaying and exponentially growing components. The latter might be the mechanism of quark-gluon confinement: in non-Abelian color gauge theory the Yukawa mixture ratio ought to be tied to color, with palpable consequences for "colorful" hot quark-gluon plasmas. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0032 9 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0032v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (12)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 9 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any k there are infinitely many primes P such that each of jP³ + j + 1 is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0031 9 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0031v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (11)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 9 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any k there are infinitely many primes P such that each of P³ + 4ⁿ is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0030 9 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0030v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (10)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 9 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any k there are infinitely many primes P such that each of P³ + (2 j)² is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0029 9 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0029v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (9)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 9 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that P, P¹⁵ + j(j+1)(j=1,...,7) contain no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0028 9 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0028v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (8)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 9 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that P, P⁹ + j(j+1)(j=1,...,7) contain no prime solutions. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0027 9 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0027v1
title: New Prime K-Tuple Theorem (7)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 9 May 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove for any k there are infinitely many primes P such that each of P³ + j( j + 1) is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0026 10 May 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0026v1
title: A Theory of Unified Gravitation
authors: Gil Raviv
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 10 May 2010
abstract: The theory presented here, entitled the theory of unified gravitation, holds that the nuclear strong interaction and gravitation are one and the same force. Detailed and relatively simple mathematics are shown to lead to an explicit strong/gravitational force equation that relies on only three independent parameters, identical to the parameters used in Newton's gravitational theory. The theory is applied on various distance scales to explain a broad range of phenomena, and is shown to provide an unparalleled level of agreement with observations, without requiring an assumption of dark matter, dark energy or inflation. Most notable is its ability to reproduce the morphologies of various types of galaxies and nebulae, as well as the complex structure of Saturn's main body of rings. Additional large-scale phenomena explained by unified gravitation include

• The constant rotation curve observed in spiral galaxies
• The nature of density waves in spiral galaxies
• The mechanism underlying star formation and fragmentation
• The parameters that determine galactic (or nebular) morphology and classification
• The clustering of nearby galaxies, repulsion between distant galaxies, and the creation of galactic voids
• The accelerated expansion of the universe
• The cause of the observed redshift periodicity
• The mechanism responsible for the creation of galactic and stellar wind
• The sudden expansion of gas and matter observed in novae and supernovae
• The formation of planetary ring systems and the composition of planets
• The mechanism responsible for the creation of the planetary and galactic magnetic fields
• A possible mechanism for the creation of the solar corona
• The process of ionization that produces the vast amount of plasma in the universe.

On nuclear scale, the theory is demonstrated to account for the observed weak fall-off of the deep inelastic scattering cross section, and to provide a scaling behavior similar to the observed Bjorken scaling. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0025 10 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0025v1
title: Proof of the 3n+1 Problem for N ≥ 1
authors: Steffen Bode
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 10 May 2010
abstract: I establish the existence of a unique binary pattern inherent to the 3n+1 step, and then use this binary pattern to prove the 3n+1 problem for all positive integers. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0024 23 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0024v2
title: Warp Drive Basic Science Written for "Aficionados". Chapter I Miguel Alcubierre.
authors: Fernando Loup
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 23 May 2010
abstract: Alcubierre Warp Drive is one of the most exciting Spacetimes of General Relativity.It was the first Spacetime Metric able to develop Superluminal Velocities.However some physical problems associated to the Alcubierre Warp Drive seemed to deny the Superluminal Behaviour. We demonstrate in this work that some of these problems can be overcomed and we arrive at some interesting results although we used two different Shape Functions one continuous g(rs) as an alternative to the original Alcubierre f(rs) and a Piecewise Shape Function f_pc(rs) as an alternative to the Ford-Pfenning Piecewise Shape Function with a behaviour similar to the Natario Warp Drive producing effectively an Alcubierre Warp Drive without Expansion/Contraction of the Spacetime. Horizons will exists and cannot be avoided however we found a way to "overcome" this problem.We also introduce here the Casimir Warp Drive. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0024 9 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0024v1
title: Warp Drive Basic Science Written for "Aficionados". Chapter I Miguel Alcubierre.
authors: Fernando Loup
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 9 May 2010
abstract: Alcubierre Warp Drive is one of the most exciting Spacetimes of General Relativity.It was the first Spacetime Metric able to develop Superluminal Velocities.However some physical problems associated to the Alcubierre Warp Drive seemed to deny the Superluminal Behaviour.We demonstrate in this work that these problems can be overcomed and we arrive at some interesting results although we used two different Shape Functions one continuous g(rs) as an alternative to the original Alcubierre f(rs) and a Piecewise Shape Function f_pc(rs) as an alternative to the Ford-Pfenning Piecewise Shape Function with a behaviour similar to the Natario Warp Drive producing effectively an Alcubierre Warp Drive without Expansion/Contraction of the Spacetime. We also introduce here the Casimir Warp Drive. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0023 11 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0023v1
title: Considerations on New Functions in Number Theory
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper a small survey is presented on eighteen new functions and four new sequences, such as: Inferior/Superior f-Part, Fractional f-Part, Complementary function with respect with another function, S-Multiplicative, Primitive Function, Double Factorial Function, S-Prime and S-Coprime Functions, Smallest Power Function. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0022 11 Mar 2010 Quantitative Biology reference: viXra:1005.0022v1
title: Analysis of Social Aspects of Migrant Labourers Living with Hiv/aids Using Fuzzy Theory and Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Quantitative Biology
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: Neutrosophic logic grew as an alternative to the existing topics and it represents a mathematical model of uncertainty, vagueness, ambiguity, imprecision, undefined-ness, unknown, incompleteness, inconsistency, redundancy and contradiction. Despite various attempts to reorient logic, there has remained an essential need for an alternative system that could infuse into itself a representation of the real world. Out of this need arose the system of neutrosophy and its connected logic, neutrosophic logic. This new logic, which allows also the concept of indeterminacy to play a role in any real-world problem, was introduced first by one of the authors Florentin Smarandache. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0021 11 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0021v1
title: Neutrosophic Rings
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 11 Mar 2010
abstract: In this book we define the new notion of neutrosophic rings. The motivation for this study is two-fold. Firstly, the classes of neutrosophic rings defined in this book are generalization of the two well-known classes of rings: group rings and semigroup rings. The study of these generalized neutrosophic rings will give more results for researchers interested in group rings and semigroup rings. Secondly, the notion of neutrosophic polynomial rings will cause a paradigm shift in the general polynomial rings. This study has to make several changes in case of neutrosophic polynomial rings. This would give solutions to polynomial equations for which the roots can be indeterminates. Further, the notion of neutrosophic matrix rings is defined in this book. Already these neutrosophic matrixes have been applied and used in the neutrosophic models like neutrosophic cognitive maps (NCMs), neutrosophic relational maps (NRMs) and so on. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0020 8 May 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1005.0020v1
title: Confidence Intervals for the Pythagorean Formula in Baseball
authors: David D. Tung
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 8 May 2010
abstract: In this paper, we will investigate the problem of obtaining confidence intervals for a baseball team's Pythagorean expectation, i.e. their expected winning percentage and expected games won. We study this problem from two different perspectives. First, in the framework of regression models, we obtain confidence intervals for prediction, i.e. more formally, prediction intervals for a new observation, on the basis of historical binomial data for Major League Baseball teams from the 1901 through 2009 seasons, and apply this to the 2009 MLB regular season. We also obtain a Scheffé-type simultaneous prediction band and use it to tabulate predicted winning percentages and their prediction intervals, corresponding to a range of values for log(RS=RA). Second, parametric bootstrap simulation is introduced as a data-driven, computer-intensive approach to numerically computing confidence intervals for a team's expected winning percentage. Under the assumption that runs scored per game and runs allowed per game are random variables following independent Weibull distributions, we numerically calculate confidence intervals for the Pythagorean expectation via parametric bootstrap simulation on the basis of each team's runs scored per game and runs allowed per game from the 2009 MLB regular season. The interval estimates, from either framework, allow us to infer with better certainty as to which teams are performing above or below expectations. It is seen that the bootstrap confidence intervals appear to be better at detecting which teams are performing above or below expectations than the prediction intervals obtained in the regression framework. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0019 7 May 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1005.0019v1
title: Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles 1. Choice of Axiomatics and Mathematical Apparatus of Theory
authors: A.G. Kyriakos
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 7 May 2010
abstract: In the previous paper (http://vixra.org/abs/1003.0169), which can be considered as an introduction to the nonlinear theory, we have shown that the Standard Model (S?) is not an axiomatic, but an algorithmic theory. In the proposed article the simplest (minimum) axiomatics is examined from the point of view of the possible forms of its mathematical representation. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0018 7 May 2010 Quantum Gravity and String Theory reference: viXra:1005.0018v1
title: Using Noetics to Determine the Geometric Limits of 3-Body Alignments that Produce Subtle Energies
authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
type: submission
date: 7 May 2010
abstract: Attempting to link quantum physics with general relativity is one current approach to the comprehension of the structure of the universe. However, this could be an impossible objective as recent theories suggest that gravity is not a fundamental force but a consequence of the way information about material objects is organised in space time (e.g. Reference 27). In this theory, gravity is analogous to the flow of water, and involves a holographic universe, information, entropy, and chaos theory. However, such theories do not explain acts of observations affecting the results of scientific experiments. Many researchers, (e.g. Reference 51), including the author, believe that understanding the structure of the universe lies not just in physics and the above concepts, but in addition involves consciousness and cognitive neuroscience together with understanding the nature and perception of information. As Noetics and dowsing involve all the latter factors, it is proving to be a powerful and relevant research tool. This paper combines these considerations in a non-orthodox, but heuristic approach, linked by geometry. A previous paper, (See Reference 24: http://vixra.org/abs/1001.0004), identified that geometric alignments of three bodies, be they 3 pebbles, 3 circles drawn on paper, or 3 astronomical bodies produce a subtle energy beam that can be detected by the mind and measured. Intriguingly, this beam has a divergence angle involving the inverse of the Fine Structure Constant (137). It has also been shown to instantaneously communicate conscious information across the solar system. These facts suggest, together with other findings, that this "consciousness beam" is linked to the structure of the universe. This avenue of research is now further developed, by quantifying the limits of the alignment of the 3-bodies that is required to produce the subtle energy beam. The findings are that for observations made near the outer of the 3 bodies, the alignment must be less than arcsine 1/4. But for observations near the middle body, this alignment must be within arcsine1/5. This article is a summary of the concepts which are augmented on the author's website http://www.jeffreykeen.co.uk/ ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0017 5 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0017v1
title: About an Identity and Its Applications
authors: Mihály Bencze, Florentin Smarandache
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 5 May 2010
abstract: About an Identity and its Applications ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0016 5 May 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1005.0016v1
title: Generalization of a Remarkable Theorem
authors: Ion Pătraşcu, Florentin Smarandache
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 5 May 2010
abstract: In [1] Professor Claudiu Coandă proves the following theorem using the barycentric coordinates. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0015 4 May 2010 Quantum Physics reference: viXra:1005.0015v1
title: On Relating a 10-Dimensional and 11-Dimensional Duality Model of Quantized Space-Time to Elementary Particles
authors: Gary Heen
category: Quantum Physics
type: submission
date: 4 May 2010
abstract: It is suggested in this paper that space-time and matter are both derived from a common entity, the quantum mass unit. A 10-dimensional and 11-dimensional duality model of the quantum mass unit is presented diagrammatically, and a mathematical argument is put forth indicating how energetic photons interact with space-time, converting space-time into virtual particle pairs of matter and anti-matter. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0014 4 May 2010 History and Philosophy of Physics reference: viXra:1005.0014v1
title: Tuning and What it Means to Physics
authors: Ron Bourgoin
category: History and Philosophy of Physics
type: submission
date: 4 May 2010
abstract: In the 60s, the word was relevance; now it's tuning. For physics, it means striking a resonance between the world of making a profit and the preparation of physicists. The international effort is designed to solicit the input of industry in restructuring the physics curriculum. This spells trouble for physics departments. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0013 4 May 2010 History and Philosophy of Physics reference: viXra:1005.0013v1
title: The End of Science
authors: Vladislav Konovalov
category: History and Philosophy of Physics
type: submission
date: 4 May 2010
abstract: The numerous errors, stored fundamental physics, have stopped its development ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0012 10 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0012v2
title: Deceleration Parameter Q(z) and the Role of Nucleated GW 'gravition Gas' in the Development of DE Alternatives
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: replacement
date: 10 May 2010
abstract: The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. A comparison with the quantum gas hypothesis of Glinka shows how stochastic GW/ gravitons may emerge in vacuum nucleated space, with emphasis upon comparing their number in phase space, as compared with different strain values ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0012 3 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0012v1
title: Deceleration Parameter Q(z) and the Role of Nucleated GW 'gravition Gas' in the Development of DE Alternatives
authors: Andrew Beckwith
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 3 May 2010
abstract: The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. A comparison with the quantum gas hypothesis of Glinka shows how stochastic GW/ gravitons may emerge in vacuum nucleated space, with emphasis upon comparing their number in phase space, as compared with different strain values ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0011 10 Mar 2010 General Science and Philosophy reference: viXra:1005.0011v1
title: The Neutrosophic Research Method in Scientific and Humanistic Fields
authors: Florentin Smarandache
category: General Science and Philosophy
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: The Neutrosophic Research Method is a generalization of Hegel's dialectic, and suggests that scientific and humanistic research will progress via studying not only the opposite ideas but the neutral ideas related to them as well in order to have a bigger picture of the whole problem to solve. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0010 3 May 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1005.0010v1
title: Another Explanation of the Redshifts of the Pair Quasar-Galaxy NGC 7319
authors: José Francisco García Juliá
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 3 May 2010
abstract: The excess of redshift of the quasar might be produced in its interior by the transference of heat from the light waves to the radio waves. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0009 3 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0009v1
title: Concept and Method of Physimatics, Logic of Existence and the Logical Time Formula
authors: Robert Gallinat
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 3 May 2010
abstract: Conceptual approach and heuristic method for an investigation of the possible algebraic structure of the interdependence between mathematical and physical reality and about the connection between local, non-local and global properties in physics and mathematics, expressed by a General N-fold algebra ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0008 2 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1005.0008v1
title: The Improved of the Chen Jing Run Theorem
authors: Tong Xin Ping
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 2 May 2010
abstract: Chen Jing Run proved that "On the representation of a large even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of at most two primes" and lower bound estimations of the number of solutions. Jiang Chun Xuan, Tong Xin Ping proved that "An even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of two primes" and compute formula of the number of solutions. This paper compares the accuracy of the three formulas ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0007 10 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0007v1
title: Smarandache Near-Rings and Their Generalizations
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper we study the Smarandache semi-near-ring and nearring, homomorphism, also the Anti-Smarandache semi-near-ring. We obtain some interesting results about them, give many examples, and pose some problems. We also define Smarandache semi-near-ring homomorphism. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0006 10 Mar 2010 Set Theory and Logic reference: viXra:1005.0006v1
title: Neutrality and Many-Valued Logics
authors: Andrew Schumann, Florentin Smarandache
category: Set Theory and Logic
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: This book written by A. Schumann & F. Smarandache is devoted to advances of non-Archimedean multiple-validity idea and its applications to logical reasoning. Leibnitz was the first who proposed Archimedes' axiom to be rejected. He postulated infinitesimals (infinitely small numbers) of the unit interval [0, 1] which are larger than zero, but smaller than each positive real number. Robinson applied this idea into modern mathematics in [117] and developed so-called non-standard analysis. In the framework of non-standard analysis there were obtained many interesting results examined in [37], [38], [74], [117]. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0005 10 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0005v1
title: Basic Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures and Their Application to Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Models
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: Study of neutrosophic algebraic structures is very recent. The introduction of neutrosophic theory has put forth a significant concept by giving representation to indeterminates. Uncertainty or indeterminacy happen to be one of the major factors in almost all real-world problems. When uncertainty is modeled we use fuzzy theory and when indeterminacy is involved we use neutrosophic theory. Most of the fuzzy models which deal with the analysis and study of unsupervised data make use of the directed graphs or bipartite graphs. Thus the use of graphs has become inevitable in fuzzy models. The neutrosophic models are fuzzy models that permit the factor of indeterminacy. It also plays a significant role, and utilizes the concept of neutrosophic graphs. Thus neutrosophic graphs and neutrosophic bipartite graphs plays the role of representing the neutrosophic models. Thus to construct the neutrosophic graphs one needs some of the neutrosophic algebraic structures viz. neutrosophic fields, neutrosophic vector spaces and neutrosophic matrices. So we for the first time introduce and study these concepts. As our analysis in this book is application of neutrosophic algebraic structure we found it deem fit to first introduce and study neutrosophic graphs and their applications to neutrosophic models. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0004 10 Mar 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0004v1
title: Smarandache Non-Associative (Sna-) Rings
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper we introduce the concept of Smarandache non-associative rings, which we shortly denote as SNA-rings as derived from the general definition of a Smarandache Structure (i.e., a set A embedded with a week structure W such that a proper subset B in A is embedded with a stronger structure S). Till date the concept of SNA-rings are not studied or introduced in the Smarandache algebraic literature. The only non-associative structures found in Smarandache algebraic notions so far are Smarandache groupoids and Smarandache loops introduced in 2001 and 2002. But they are algebraic structures with only a single binary operation defined on them that is nonassociative. But SNA-rings are non-associative structures on which are defined two binary operations one associative and other being non-associative and addition distributes over multiplication both from the right and left. Further to understand the concept of SNA-rings one should be well versed with the concept of group rings, semigroup rings, loop rings and groupoid rings. The notion of groupoid rings is new and has been introduced in this paper. This concept of groupoid rings can alone provide examples of SNA-rings without unit since all other rings happens to be either associative or nonassociative rings with unit. We define SNA subrings, SNA ideals, SNA Moufang rings, SNA Bol rings, SNA commutative rings, SNA non-commutative rings and SNA alternative rings. Examples are given of each of these structures and some open problems are suggested at the end. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0003 10 Mar 2010 Statistics reference: viXra:1005.0003v1
title: N-Algebraic Structures and S-N-Algebraic Structures
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Statistics
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: In this book, for the first time we introduce the notions of Ngroups, N-semigroups, N-loops and N-groupoids. We also define a mixed N-algebraic structure. We expect the reader to be well versed in group theory and have at least basic knowledge about Smarandache groupoids, Smarandache loops, Smarandache semigroups and bialgebraic structures and Smarandache bialgebraic structures. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0002 1 May 2010 Algebra reference: viXra:1005.0002v1
title: Almost Unbiased Estimator for Estimating Population Mean Using Known Value of Some Population Parameter(s)
authors: Rajesh Singh, Mukesh Kumar, Florentin Smarandache
category: Algebra
type: submission
date: 1 May 2010
abstract: In this paper we have proposed an almost unbiased estimator using known value of some population parameter(s). Various existing estimators are shown particular members of the proposed estimator. Under simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) scheme the expressions for bias and mean square error (MSE) are derived. The study is extended to the two phase sampling. Empirical study is carried out to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed estimator. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1005.0001 1 May 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1005.0001v1
title: Quantum Corrections to the Gravitational Potential and Orbital Motion
authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas, Vasile Mioc
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 1 May 2010
abstract: GRT predicts the existence of relativistic corrections to the static Newtonian potential, which can be calculated and verified experimentally. The idea leading to quantum corrections at large distances consists of the interactions of massless particles, which only involve their coupling energies at low energies. Using the quantum correction term of the potential we obtain the perturbing quantum acceleration function. Next, with the help of the Newton-Euler planetary equations, we calculate the time rates of changes of the orbital elements per revolution for three different orbits around the primary. For one solar mass primary and an orbit with semimajor axis and eccentricity equal to that of Mercury we obtain that Δω_qu = 1.517x10^{-81 o}/cy, while ΔM_qu = -1.840x10^-46 rev/cy. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0140 10 Mar 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1004.0140v1
title: On a Concatenation Problem
authors: Henry Ibstedt
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: This article has been inspired by questions asked by Charles Ashbacher in the Journal of Recreational Mathematics, vol. 29.2. It concerns the Smarandache Deconstructive Sequence. This sequence is a special case of a more general concatenation and sequencing procedure which is the subject of this study. Answers are given to the above questions. The properties of this kind of sequences are studied with particular emphasis on the divisibility of their terms by primes. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0139 10 Mar 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1004.0139v1
title: Introduction to N-Adaptive Fuzzy Models to Analyze Public Opinion on Aids
authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: AIDS is not simply a physical malady, it is also an artifact of social and sexual transgression, violated taboo, fractured identity-political and personal projections. Its key words are primarily the property of the powerful. AIDS: Keywords - is my attempt to identify and contest some of the assumptions underlying our current 'knowledge'. In this effort I am joined by many AIDS activists including people living with AIDS - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0138 10 Mar 2010 Artificial Intelligence reference: viXra:1004.0138v1
title: General Combination Rules for Qualitative and Quantitative Beliefs
authors: Arnaud martin, Christophie Osswald, Jean Desert, Florentin Smarandache
category: Artificial Intelligence
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: Martin and Osswald [15] have recently proposed many generalizations of combination rules on quantitative beliefs in order to manage the conflict and to consider the specificity of the responses of the experts. Since the experts express themselves usually in natural language with linguistic labels, Smarandache and Dezert [13] have introduced a mathematical framework for dealing directly also with qualitative beliefs. In this paper we recall some element of our previous works and propose the new combination rules, developed for the fusion of both qualitative or quantitative beliefs. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0137 10 Mar 2010 Geometry reference: viXra:1004.0137v1
title: An Introduction to the Smarandache Geometries
authors: L. Kuciuk, M. Antholy
category: Geometry
type: submission
date: 10 Mar 2010
abstract: In this paper we make a presentation of these exciting geometries and present a model for a particular one. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0136 30 Apr 2010 Relativity and Cosmology reference: viXra:1004.0136v1
title: On the 5D Extra-Force According to Basini-Capozziello-Ponce De Leon Formalism and Three Important Features: Chung-Freese Superluminal Braneworld,strong Gravitational Fields and the Pioneer Anomaly.
authors: Fernando Loup
category: Relativity and Cosmology
type: submission
date: 30 Apr 2010
abstract: We use the 5D Extra Dimensional Force according to Basini-Capozziello-Ponce De Leon, Overduin-Wesson and Mashoon-Wesson-Liu Formalisms to study the behaviour of the Chung-Freese Superluminal BraneWorld compared to the Alcubierre Warp Drive and we arrive at some interesting results from the point of view of the Alcubierre ansatz although we used two different Shape Functions one continuous g(rs) as an alternative to the original Alcubierre f(rs) and a Piecewise Shape Function fpc(rs) with a behaviour similar to the Natario Warp Drive. We introduce here the Casimir Warp Drive.We also demonstrate that in flat 5D Minkowsky Spacetime or weak Gravitational Fields we cannot tell if we live in a 5D or a 4D Universe according to Basini-Capozziello-Ponce De Leon,Overduin-Wesson and Mashoon-Wesson-Liu Dimensional Reduction but in the extreme conditions of Strong Gravitational Fields we demonstrate that the effects of the 5D Extra Dimension becomes visible and perhaps the study of the extreme conditions in Black Holes can tell if we live in a Higher Dimensional Universe.We use a 5D Maartens-Clarkson Schwarzschild Cosmic Black String centered in the Sun coupled to the 5D Extra Force from Ponce De Leon together with Mashoon-Wesson-Liu and the definitions of Basini-Capozziello and Bertolami-Paramos for the Warp Fields in order to demonstrate that the Anomalous Effect disturbing two American space probes known as the Pioneer Anomaly is a force of 5D Extra Dimensional Nature.As a matter of fact the Pioneer Anomaly is the first experimental evidence of the "Fifth Force" predicted years ago by Mashoon-Wesson-Liu and we also demonstrate that this Extra Force is coming from the Sun. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0135 30 Apr 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1004.0135v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (38)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 30 Apr 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that there are infinitely many primes P such that each of jP³ + k - j is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0134 30 Apr 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1004.0134v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (37)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 30 Apr 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that there are infinitely many primes P such that each of jP³ + 7 - j is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0133 30 Apr 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1004.0133v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (36)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 30 Apr 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that there are infinitely many primes P such that each of jP³ + 5 - j is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0132 30 Apr 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1004.0132v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (35)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 30 Apr 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that there are infinitely many primes P such that 2P³ + 1 and P³ + 2 are all prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0131 30 Apr 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1004.0131v1
title: The New Prime Theorem (34)
authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
category: Number Theory
type: submission
date: 30 Apr 2010
abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that if J₂ (ω) ≠ 0 then there are infinitely many primes P such that each of jP² + k - j is a prime, if J₂ (ω) = 0 then there are finitely many primes P such that each of jP² + k - j is a prime. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0130 29 Apr 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1004.0130v1
title: The Meaning of the Singularity: 2. Astro-Sociology: Predicting the Presence of Twin Planets (Extended Version)
authors: Alon Retter
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 29 Apr 2010
abstract: This paper presents a remarkable analogy between the human society and Astronomy. Please keep an open mind as the resemblance is not only qualitative but also quantitative. We point out many similarities between stars and people, such as properties of grouping - single stars vs. singles, binary stars vs. couples, cities vs. clusters, countries vs. galaxies, etc. Men and women are linked with cool and hot stars. We match planets with children and attribute the two genders to gas and solid planets. Moons are related with pets or grandchildren, asteroids with germs / viruses, accretion disks with bellies and jets with pukes. Suicide attempts in people are associated with supernovae in stars. Inflation is connected with the rapid growth of the embryo, and the time the universe became transparent to light is linked with the human birth. A simple analogue to the cosmic background radiation is the bellybutton, and the universe acceleration is coupled with the pace increase in modern life. The mean values of the distributions of star multiples and the number of US households are almost identical (2.04 and 2.03). Moreover, an amazing resemblance between the two curves is evident (Fig. 1). The distribution of gas (or solid) planets is similar to that of boys (or girls) as well, and the fit could improve once selection effects are considered. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that our results are significant at a confidence level higher of ~99.9%! The surprising linkage between humanity and stars can lead to many predictions. It is proposed that about a third of stars harbor planets. We predict that stars are equally divided between hot and cool stars and planets between gas and solid planets. The presence of four gas and four solid planets in the solar system supports our prediction. We also forecast that the mean number of planets around host stars should be near two, larger around binaries than in single stars and higher in hot stars than in cool stars. We vision the presence of twin planets that share the same orbit. The wealth of known extra-solar planets should already contain a few such systems. We forecast the presence of a new astronomical phenomenon, which we alias 'planova' - an eruption in a planet that may destroy it, and speculate about the presence of planet jets. The ideas and results of this paper are clearly unusual and unbelievable. A brief explanation to our findings is presented in the discussion and further developed in forthcoming papers. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0129 29 Apr 2010 Astrophysics reference: viXra:1004.0129v1
title: The Meaning of the Singularity: 2. Astro-Sociology: Predicting the Presence of Twin Planets (Short Version)
authors: Alon Retter
category: Astrophysics
type: submission
date: 29 Apr 2010
abstract: We present a remarkable analogy between the human society and Astronomy. Please keep an open mind as the resemblance is both qualitative and quantitative. We link stars and children with persons and planets. The two genders are matched with cool and hot stars and with gas and solid planets. The mean values of the distributions of star multiples and US households are almost identical. Moreover, an amazing resemblance between the two curves is evident. In addition, the distribution of gas / solid planets is similar to that of boys / girls as well, and the fit could improve once selection effects are considered. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that our results are significant at a confidence level of 99.9%! We thus predict that about a third of stars harbor planets and that stars are equally divided between hot and cool stars and planets between gas and solid planets. The presence of 4 gas and 4 solid planets in the solar system supports our prediction. We forecast that the mean number of planets around host stars should be near two, and vision the presence of twin planets that share the same orbit. The wealth of known extra-solar planets should already contain a few such systems. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0128 29 Apr 2010 High Energy Particle Physics reference: viXra:1004.0128v1
title: The Meaning of the Singularity: 1. a Single Particle Universe
authors: Alon Retter
category: High Energy Particle Physics
type: submission
date: 29 Apr 2010
abstract: We examine the basic term 'particle'. We start by exploring a universe that contains a single particle. In such a universe there is no meaning for motion, energy, space and time. Only for a two particles universe the physical quantities can be measured. However, the determination of the physical quantities implies that the particles are not separated from each other! We thus propose that all particles are interconnected. This novel perception naturally explains the two well known paradoxes: the twin-electrons experiment and Schrödinger's cat. In fact, we argue that the twinelectrons experiment is an actual proof for global non-detachment. We state that it cannot be shown that a particle is elementary. If one is divided by two numerous times, zero is never reached. There must be a jump into zero - the singularity. The sought Higgs particle is simply the singularity itself, which cannot be found, having no properties. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0127 28 Apr 2010 Classical Physics reference: viXra:1004.0127v1
title: How Acoustic Resonance Can Reduce the Average Velocity in a Falling Body?
authors: V. Torres-Zúñiga
category: Classical Physics
type: submission
date: 28 Apr 2010
abstract: In this article, a simple experiment is described for correcting the misconception that acoustic pressure and levitation effects are hard to observe in school laboratories. Analysis of the free fall velocity of a toy parachute within a vertical tube, driven by sound in a range of frequencies around the resonant condition, exhibits the resonance frequency, the node pressure zones, and the optimal conditions to obtain acoustical levitation of a light body. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0126 4 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1004.0126v4
title: A Fifth Smarandache Friendly Prime Pair
authors: Philip Gibbs
category: Number Theory
type: replacement
date: 4 May 2010
abstract: A Smarandache friendly prime pair (SFPP) is a pair of prime numbers (p,q), p < q, such that the product pq is equal to the sum of all primes from p to q inclusive. Previously four such pairs were known: (2,5), (3,13), (5,31) and (7,53). Now a fifth one is found by a brute force computer search. A heuristic approximation can be to estimate the expected number of SFPPs in a given interval. The result suggests that the probability of further pairs existing is about 0.07. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0126 2 May 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1004.0126v3
title: A Fifth Smarandache Friendly Prime Pair
authors: Philip Gibbs
category: Number Theory
type: replacement
date: 2 May 2010
abstract: A Smarandache friendly prime pair (SFPP) is a pair of prime numbers (p,q), p < q, such that the product pq is equal to the sum of all primes from p to q inclusive. Previously four such pairs were known: (2,5), (3,13), (5,31) and (7,53). Now a fifth one is found by a brute force computer search. A heuristic approximation can be to estimate the expected number of SFPPs in a given interval. The result suggests that the probability of further pairs existing is about 0.07. ]]> http://viXra.org/abs/1004.0126 30 Apr 2010 Number Theory reference: viXra:1004.0126v2
title: A Fifth Smarandache Friendly Prime Pair
authors: Philip Gibbs
category: Number Theory
type: replacement
date: 30 Apr 2010
abstract: A Smarandache friendly prime pair (SFPP) is a pair of prime numbers (p,q), p < q, such that the product pq is equal to the sum of all primes from p to q inclusive. Previously